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Chapter: 03. Energy
Work vs. Energy
Point of Comparison
Work
Energy
Definition
The product of force and the displacement of a body in the direction of the force
The capacity to do work
SI Unit
Joule (J) (expressed as Newton × metre)
Joule (J)
Mathematical Formula
Work = Force × Displacement
Not mentioned in text
Effect on a Body
When work is done by a body, its energy decreases; when work is done on a body, its energy increases
Spent by a body while doing work; must be gained to do more work
Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy
Point of Comparison
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Definition
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion
The energy stored in an object by virtue of its position above the ground or a change in shape
Greek Word Origin
Comes from" “kinesis”, which means motion
Not mentioned in text
Equivalence to Work
Equal to the work done in bringing" the body to a state of motion
Equal to the work done in bringing the body to its current position of rest
Primary Influencing Factors
• Mass of the object: Greater mass results in greater kinetic energy• Speed of the object: Faster speed results in greater kinetic energy
• Mass of the object: Greater mass at the same height results in greater potential energy• Height above the ground: Higher elevation results in greater potential energy• Deformation: Increases as the object is stretched or compressed more
Key Examples
• A moving carrom striker• Rotating blades of a mixer grinder
• A child sitting on top of a slide• Water stored in a dam• A stone lifted to a height• A stretched rubber band
Units of Energy: Joule vs. Calorie
Point of Comparison
Joule (J)
Calorie (cal)
Type of Unit
SI unit of work and energy
Common unit of energy
Definition
The work done when a force of 1 N displaces a body through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force
The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
Mathematical Relationship
1 J = 1 N × 1 m
1 calorie = 4.186 joules or 4.2 joules (approximately)
Kilounit Definition
Not mentioned in text
1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories = 4186 J or 4200 J (approximately)
Atomic Nucleus Processes: Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion
Point of Comparison
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Definition / Process
The splitting of the nucleus of atoms
The combining of the nucleus of atoms
Form of Energy Released
Radiation energy waves
Radiation energy waves
Comparison of Different Forms of Energy
Form of Energy
Source / Stored State
Ability to Cause Motion or Do Work
Key Examples
Mechanical Energy
Acquired by virtue of position or state of motion
Gives the object the ability to do work
Moving carrom striker, child on a slide, water in a dam
Heat Energy
Form of energy giving the sensation of warmth; produced by burning fuels
Capable of doing work (e.g., running automobiles, trains, aeroplanes, and ships)
Burning of wood, petrol, diesel, CNG, or LPG
Light Energy
Sun, glowing light bulbs, and electric bulbs
Does not ordinarily move objects, but a very strong beam can move tiny particles (electrons)
Ambavilas Palace illumination, solar radiation, glowing bulbs
Magnetic Energy
Energy possessed by a magnet
Can attract and move certain metals like iron and nickel
Refrigerator doors, pencil boxes, electric motors in fans and juicers
Electrical Energy
Generated in hydroelectric power stations, generators, and chemical batteries
Cannot move objects on its own, but converts to magnetic or heat energy to move them
Ovens, geysers, music systems, bulbs, and irrigation pumps
Sound Energy
Produced by vibrating bodies
Vibrations are a type of motion; capable of doing work (e.g., sound-controlled remote systems)
Vibrating strings of a sitar or violin, vibrating dholak membrane
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in matter
Released during chemical changes; capable of doing work (e.g., blasting air during cracker explosion)
Matchsticks, coal, wood, kerosene, petrol, diesel, and food
Nuclear Energy
Stored in the nucleus of atoms
Can cause powerful blast waves; produces steam to turn turbine blades to generate electricity
Splitting or combining of atomic nuclei
Daily Activity Profiles: Ritika vs. Rohan
Point of Comparison
Ritika
Rohan
Primary Activity / Sport
Football player
Chess player
Physical Activity Level
Highly active (spends a number of hours practicing)
Sedentary (spends a lot of time sitting)
Daily Calorie Target
Minimum of 1700–2000 calories per day
Minimum of 1700–2000 calories per day
Kind of Diet Needed
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
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