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Chapter: 02. Kingdom Classification

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What is biological classification?
Biological classification is the grouping of living organisms together on the basis of their similarities and placing them into different groups on the basis of their differences.
List three advantages of classifying living organisms.
Classification makes the study of a wide variety of organisms easy, helps in their accurate identification, and provides vital information about their evolutionary relationships and diversity.
What are the seven major taxonomic ranks used in modern biological classification in hierarchical order?
The seven major taxonomic categories from highest to lowest are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
Why is the species considered the basic unit of classification?
Species is the basic unit because it refers to a group of closely related organisms that can breed among themselves to produce fertile offspring, but not with members of other species.
How did Ernst H. Haeckel group organisms in the Three-Kingdom system of 1866?
Ernst H. Haeckel grouped all unicellular organisms into Kingdom Protista, and placed multicellular organisms into Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
Prokaryotic organisms lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles, whereas eukaryotic organisms possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
How does the cell wall of a bacterium differ from that of a plant cell?
The cell wall of a bacterium is not made up of cellulose, unlike the cell wall of a plant cell.
Name the four distinct shapes of bacteria.
Bacteria can be spherical (Cocci), rod-shaped (Bacilli), spiral (Spirilla), or comma-shaped (Vibrio).
What are antibiotics and what is their source?
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other pathogenic microorganisms.
Explain how vaccines provide immunity in the human body.
A vaccine is a suspension of killed pathogens that, when injected, induces the body to produce specific protective antibodies to combat future infections.
Which bacteria are used for the fermentation of milk sugar to make curd?
Lactobacillus bacteria are used for fermenting lactose milk sugar into lactic acid to produce curd.
Explain the agricultural importance of Rhizobium bacteria.
Rhizobium bacteria reside in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where they fix free atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates to increase soil fertility.
What is denitrification and which bacterium carries it out?
Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates from wastes and dead organic bodies back into atmospheric nitrogen gas, carried out by bacteria like Pseudomonas.
Name a pathogenic bacterium that can be used as a bioweapon.
Bacillus anthracis, which causes the disease anthrax, is a pathogenic bacterium that can be used as a bioweapon.
What locomotive structures are used by Paramecium, Euglena, and Amoeba?
Paramecium moves using hair-like cilia, Euglena uses whip-like flagella, and Amoeba uses false feet called pseudopodia.
How does Amoeba eliminate excess water and nitrogenous waste from its body?
Amoeba uses its contractile vacuole to collect and excrete excess water and nitrogenous wastes like ammonia.
What is binary fission in Amoeba?
Binary fission is an asexual reproduction process in which a single parent Amoeba multiplies by splitting into two equal daughter cells.
Why are Fungi classified as saprotrophic or parasitic rather than autotrophic?
Fungi lack chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis, meaning they must feed on dead organic matter as saprotrophs or on living hosts as parasites.
How is the mycelium of multicellular fungi like Mucor structured?
The mycelium is structured as a cottony mass composed of highly branched, thread-like filaments called hyphae.
Describe the three functional types of hyphae in bread moulds.
Bread mould hyphae consist of horizontal stolons running parallel to the surface, root-like rhizoidal hyphae for anchorage, and vertical sporangiophores bearing spore-producing sporangia.
In what forms do fungi store their reserved food?
Fungi store their reserved food in the forms of glycogen and oil droplets.
Name two edible mushrooms and explain why they are preferred as food.
Morchella and Agaricus are edible mushrooms that are highly preferred because they are rich sources of proteins and vitamins.
Which fungus is used in bakeries and breweries, and what is its role?
Yeast is used in bakeries to make dough soft and puffy and in breweries to ferment sugars into alcohol and wine.
State two human diseases caused by harmful fungi.
Human diseases caused by fungi include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and vaginal yeast infections.
List two major differences between algae and fungi.
Algae are autotrophic with cellulose-based cell walls and store food as starch, whereas fungi are heterotrophic with chitin-based cell walls and store food as glycogen and oil.
Give one example each of a unicellular, multicellular filamentous, and colonial alga.
Chlamydomonas is a unicellular alga, Spirogyra is a multicellular filamentous alga, and Volvox is a colonial alga.
Why are bryophytes called the “amphibians of the plant kingdom”?
Bryophytes are called amphibians because they grow as velvety green layers on damp, shady walls and moist soils, and cannot survive without moisture.
How do Pteridophytes differ from Bryophytes regarding vascular tissues?
Pteridophytes are vascular plants possessing developed xylem and phloem, whereas Bryophytes are nonvascular plants lacking these tissues.
What are spores in nonflowering plants and how do they function?
Spores are minute reproductive structures in cryptogams that germinate directly into new plants when they land on a suitable moist surface.
Explain why gymnosperms are described as having “naked” seeds.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds because their ovules are not enclosed within an ovary wall, meaning their seeds develop openly on the scales of cones.
What is the major difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms concerning flowers and fruits?
Gymnosperms do not produce true flowers or fruits and bear seeds inside cones, whereas Angiosperms produce true flowers and bear seeds enclosed inside fruits.
Differentiate between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants with examples.
Monocotyledonous plants have seeds with a single cotyledon (e.g., maize and wheat), whereas dicotyledonous plants have seeds containing two cotyledons (e.g., peas and beans).
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