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Chapter: 03. Birth Of Prophet Muhammad And Spread Of Islam
Arabia: Pre-Islamic vs. Post-Islamic Era
Points of Comparison
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Post-Islamic Arabia
Social Structure & Unity
Divided into a number of tribes that were constantly at war with one another.
United as a single community; mobilized into an excellent fighting force.
Religious Beliefs & Practices
Superstitious; believed in numerous gods and worshipped their images (idol worship).
Believed in one God (Allah) and His Prophet Muhammad; forbade idol worship and followed the main principles of Islam (praying five times a day, fasting during Ramzan, giving charity, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca).
Economic & Living Conditions
Lives were hard and people were poor.
Conquered vast territories, built fine cities (Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo), encouraged agriculture, industry, and trade, and established a vibrant civilization.
Holy Cities: Mecca vs. Medina
Points of Comparison
Mecca
Medina
Significance
Birthplace of Prophet Muhammad and a holy place for Muslims.
The town to which Prophet Muhammad and his followers migrated; a holy place for Muslims.
Key Events Associated
* Birth of Prophet Muhammad (570 CE).* Prophet Muhammad received his first vision of Angel Gabriel (c. 610 CE).* Prophet Muhammad returned victorious in 630 CE, and its people adopted Islam.
* Prophet Muhammad and his followers shifted here in 622 CE to escape anger from rich Arabs.* The people welcomed Muhammad and provided a devoted army of supporters.
Associated Terms
Not mentioned in text
Hijrat: The departure of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.
Islamic Dynasties: The Umayyads vs. The Abbasids
Points of Comparison
Umayyad Dynasty
Abbasid Dynasty
Chronological Order
Preceded the Abbasid Dynasty.
Succeeded the Umayyad Dynasty.
Capital City
Damascus
Baghdad (shifted from Damascus)
Cultural & Intellectual Achievements
Not mentioned in text
* Reigned during the greatest intellectual and cultural excellence.* Established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad to translate ancient collective wisdom into Arabic.* Emerged as one of the most powerful, prosperous, and enlightened regions in the world.
Duration/Decline
Not mentioned in text
Emerged for 150 years; power declined by the 9th century CE when the empire split.
Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Absorbed by Arab Scholars
Ancient Civilization
Knowledge and Skills Absorbed by Arab Scholars
Chinese
* Art of making paper* Technique of making glass* Use of the mariner’s compass
Greeks
* Geometry
Persians
* Astronomy
Indians
* Mathematical theories* Medicine* Astronomy* Philosophy* Administration
Islamic Expansions into India: Arabs vs. Turks
Points of Comparison
Arab Expedition
Turkish Expansion
Time Period
712 CE
By the 9th century CE (as Caliph power declined)
Key Leaders/States Involved
Led by Muhammad bin Qasim
Independent states of Ghazni and Ghor
Territory Occupied
Sind
India
Long-Term Outcome & Limits
* Ended with the death of Muhammad bin Qasim.* Could not spread further because the Rajputs were too strong.
* Originally nomadic tribes who adopted Islam.* Eventually established a Muslim empire in India.
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