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Define the term allergy based on the context.Allergy is an exaggerated or abnormal reaction of the immune system of a person to certain foreign substances that do not bother most other people.What are allergens?Allergens are substances in the environment or surroundings that trigger an allergic reaction.State three entry routes of allergens into the human body.The three entry routes of allergens into the human body are the nose through breathing, the mouth through eating, and the skin through contact.What is the difference between seasonal allergy and perennial allergy?Seasonal allergy develops only during specific seasons of the year, whereas perennial allergy appears at any time year-round.List any three indoor allergens that trigger perennial allergies.Three indoor allergens that trigger perennial allergies are dust, mould, and pet dander.What causes contact dermatitis?Contact dermatitis is caused by red and itchy rashes forming at the point of contact where substances touch the skin.Which types of drugs are commonly known to trigger drug allergies?Drugs like aspirin, penicillin, and sulpha drugs commonly trigger drug allergies in some individuals.What are the common symptoms of a pollen allergy?The common symptoms of a pollen allergy include sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, itchy and watery eyes, and hay fever.Describe the process of sensitisation in allergic individuals.Sensitisation is the process during the first exposure to an allergen where the body develops a primary immune response and B-cells produce IgE antibodies and histamines.What is anaphylaxis?Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe, and dangerous allergic reaction characterized by widespread rashes, swelling of tissues, low blood pressure, and breathing difficulty.How does histamine contribute to an allergic reaction on the second exposure?On the second exposure, the antigen-antibody reaction triggers the release of histamine which, along with IgE antibodies, produces the hypersensitive allergic response.What clinical features characterize allergic asthma?Allergic asthma is characterized by the narrowing of bronchi, bronchospasm, sneezing, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, and breathlessness.How is a skin-prick test conducted to identify allergies?A skin-prick test is conducted by injecting small amounts of suspended allergens intradermally into a patient’s forearm or back to observe inflammatory reactions like swelling and redness.What does a quantitative measurement of specific antibodies in a blood test help to predict?A quantitative measurement of specific antibodies in the blood helps in predicting the type of allergy and the risk of a severe allergic reaction.Name two fungal spores that commonly act as allergens.Two fungal spores that commonly act as allergens are Aspergillus and Penicillium.Who coined the word anaphylaxis and researched thermoregulation?Dr. Charles Robert Richet coined the word anaphylaxis and worked out the mechanism of thermoregulation in homeothermic animals.
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Chapter: 08. Allergy
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