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Temperature: The measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.Heat: An invisible form of energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder body and causes the sensation of hotness or coldness.Calorie: The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.Kilocalorie: The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.Thermal equilibrium: The state attained when two bodies of unequal temperatures are brought together and reach the same temperature, stopping any heat transfer.Thermometer: An instrument used for measuring temperature.Liquid thermometer: A thermometer in which a liquid, such as mercury or alcohol, is used as a thermometric liquid.Laboratory thermometer: A common mercury thermometer used in laboratories, with graduations usually marked from -10°C to 110°C.Clinical thermometer: A doctor’s thermometer graduated from 35°C to 42°C (or 94°F to 108°F) that features a constriction to prevent mercury from dropping before reading.Fahrenheit scale: A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 32°F, the boiling point of water is 212°F, and the interval is divided into 180 parts.Celsius scale: A temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 0°C, the boiling point of water is 100°C, and the interval is divided into 100 parts.Kelvin scale: A temperature scale with no negative values where the freezing point of water is 273 K, the boiling point is 373 K, and the lowest possible temperature is 0 K.Thermal expansion: The increase in volume of a substance due to heating.Contraction: The decrease in volume of a substance due to cooling.Linear expansion: The increase in the length of a solid upon heating.Superficial expansion: The increase in the surface area of a solid upon heating.Cubical expansion: The increase in the volume of a solid upon heating.Anomalous expansion of water: The unusual behavior of water contracting when heated from 0°C to 4°C and expanding above 4°C.Melting: The process in which a solid changes to the liquid state by absorbing heat at a fixed temperature called the melting point.Freezing: The process in which a liquid changes into the solid state at a fixed temperature by releasing heat.Vaporization: The process in which a liquid changes into the vapour state at a fixed temperature.Condensation: The process in which a substance changes from the vapour state into its liquid state on cooling at a fixed temperature.Sublimation: The process in which a solid directly converts into the gaseous or vapour state on heating.Conduction: The process of transfer of heat in solids from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature without the actual movement of molecules.Good conductors of heat: Substances, such as metals, which allow heat to pass through them easily and quickly.Bad conductors of heat (or insulators): Substances, such as wood, plastic, or rubber, which do not allow heat to pass through them easily.Convection: The mode of transfer of heat in a liquid or a gas by the actual movement of their molecules from the hotter to the colder parts.Radiation: The process of transmission of heat in which heat energy directly travels from the hotter body to the colder body without heating the intermediate medium.Thermos flask: A special type of double-walled bottle designed to minimise heat transfer and keep hot liquids hot and cold liquids cold for a long time.
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Prepared by: learnloophq@gmail.com
Chapter: 05. Heat
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