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Chapter: 08. Babur Humayun And Sher Shah

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SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

(b) Daulat Khan Lodi
© The Battle of Khanwa
(b) Gulbadan Begum
(b) Sarkars
(a) Rupia
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SECTION B: FILL IN THE BLANKS

Farghana
Tuzuk-i-Baburi
water carrier’s inflated water bag
patwari
patta
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SECTION C: TRUE OR FALSE

False. ​Correct Statement: Babur died in Agra on 26 December 1530 CE, but he was buried in Kabul in accordance with his wishes.
False. ​Correct Statement: Humayun’s brothers were openly hostile, constantly plotted against him, and refused to help him during his exile.
True.
False. ​Correct Statement: Sher Shah’s land revenue policy insisted on lenient assessment but strict collection of taxes.
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SECTION D: EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Sarkars: These were the 47 administrative provinces into which Sher Shah divided his empire. Each sarkar was placed under an Afghan chief and further divided into parganas.
Dak Chaukis: These were postal stations or mail posts established at rest houses (sarais) along major roads, where two horsemen were kept ready to carry royal mail swiftly across the country.
Munsif: An official in the pargana administrative unit who looked after the collection of land revenue and dealt with civil cases.
Qubuliat: An agreement document signed by the peasant accepting the land revenue terms and defining their mutual rights and duties with the government.
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SECTION E: DIAGRAM-BASED QUESTION

The Sarkars (provinces) were placed directly under the charge of Afghan chiefs.
The work of the parganas was supervised by the shiqdar-i-shiqdaran (for law, order, and administration) and the munsif-i-munsifan (for revenue and civil matters).
Sher Shah kept in touch with the villages through village officials like patwaris and muqaddams, while local village affairs were managed by panchayats composed of village elders.
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SECTION F: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

On the eve of Babur’s invasion, India was politically disunited, divided into numerous small, independent kingdoms. The Delhi Sultanate had shrunk in size and power, confining its control only to Delhi and neighboring areas.
Humayun abandoned the siege of Chunar after four months because he needed to march and deal with the hostile Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, who was threatening to capture Delhi.
The Shah of Persia provided military assistance to Humayun, which helped him return to recover Kabul and Kandahar from his brother Kamran, consolidating his base before entering India.
Two military measures introduced by Sher Shah were:
Fixing the salaries of soldiers and officers according to their skill and ability.
Reviving the branding of horses (dagh) and maintaining a descriptive roll of soldiers (chehra) to prevent corruption.
Sher Shah held them responsible to deter crime. If they failed to track down a robber or murderer in their area, they were severely punished. This harsh and ruthless method was highly effective in maintaining law and order.
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SECTION G: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

The First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE) only marked the defeat of the sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, and did not grant Babur complete control over India. He still faced ambitious Afghan nobles and the powerful Rajput confederacy. The Battle of Khanwa (1527 CE), where Babur defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar, was far more decisive because it crushed the powerful Rajput opposition, which was the biggest obstacle to Mughal rule, giving Babur supreme control over central India.
Sher Shah’s land revenue system was highly organized:
Assessment: Land was carefully surveyed and measured every year. Its average produce was calculated on the basis of its fertility, categorized into good, bad, and middling. One-third of the average produce was fixed as tax, payable in cash or kind.
Relief Measures: Sher Shah insisted on lenient assessment but strict collection. He discouraged the jagir system and introduced patta (title deed) and qubuliat (agreement). If crops were damaged during war or failed due to natural calamities like drought or floods, taxes were reduced and loans were granted to the peasants.
Sher Shah built a vast network of four major roads, including the Grand Trunk Road which connected Sonargaon (modern Bangladesh) to Peshawar (modern Pakistan).
Benefits:
For military and administration: Enabled quick movement of government officials and troops throughout the empire.
For trade: Facilitated the swift transit of goods, boosting commerce.
For travelers: Shady trees were planted on both sides of the roads, and rest houses (sarais) with wells were established at regular intervals to provide comfort and safety to merchants and travelers. These sarais also served as dak chaukis for quick communication of royal mail.
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SECTION H: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS / SDG-13 APPLICATION

(a) Other human activities damaging monuments:
Vandalism, such as scratching names, writing, or drawing on the walls of monuments.
Littering and improper waste disposal by tourists, which attracts pests and degrades the beauty of the heritage sites.
(b) Practical steps to protect monuments:
Participating in or organizing school/community awareness drives to clean monument premises.
Always throwing trash in designated dustbins and strictly avoiding touching, leaning on, or defacing historical structures when visiting them.
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