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Chapter: 08. Babur Humayun And Sher Shah

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Who was the founder of the Mughal empire in India?
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur was the founder of the Mughal empire in India.
Which two famous Central Asian rulers was Babur descended from?
Babur was a descendant of Amir Timur on his father’s side and Chenghiz Khan on his mother’s side.
What was the size and power of the Delhi Sultanate on the eve of Babur’s invasion?
The Delhi Sultanate had dwindled significantly in size and power, with its control confined only to Delhi and its surrounding areas.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodi invite Babur to invade India in 1522 CE?
Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to help him overthrow Ibrahim Lodi, who was a cruel and unpopular sultan of Delhi.
What was the outcome of the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE?
Babur completely routed Ibrahim Lodi’s large army, resulting in the death of Ibrahim Lodi and 15,000 of his soldiers on the battlefield.
How did Babur motivate his homesick and war-weary soldiers to stay and fight in India?
Babur transformed his war-weary soldiers into a disciplined force of heroes through an eloquent and impassioned speech.
What made the Battle of Khanwa more decisive than the Battle of Panipat?
While the Battle of Panipat only defeated the Sultan of Delhi, the victory at Khanwa crushed the powerful Rajput confederacy and gave Babur supreme control over central India.
Which Rajput chief was defeated by Babur at the Battle of Chanderi in 1528 CE?
Medini Rai was the Rajput chief defeated by Babur during the siege and capture of the Chanderi fort in 1528 CE.
What valuable information is contained in Babur’s autobiography, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi?
The Tuzuk-i-Baburi provides a detailed account of Babur’s personal adventures, along with the customs, resources, revenues, flora, and fauna of Hindustan.
Why did Humayun divide his inherited empire among his brothers?
Humayun divided his empire to fulfill the dying wishes of his father, Babur, who had instructed him to treat his younger brothers with kindness and generosity.
How did Humayun’s brothers behave towards him during his reign?
Humayun’s brothers were openly hostile and constantly plotted against him instead of offering support.
What deal did Humayun make with Sher Khan after besieging the Chunar fort?
Humayun allowed Sher Khan to keep possession of the Chunar fort in exchange for a promise of loyalty to the Mughals.
What did Sher Khan do in Bengal while Humayun was occupied with the conquest of Gujarat and Malwa?
Sher Khan took advantage of Humayun’s absence to strengthen his military position in Bengal and Bihar, eventually invading Bengal and capturing its capital, Gaur.
How did Sher Khan gain the upper hand over Humayun before the Battle of Chausa?
Sher Khan successfully cut off Humayun’s food supplies and lines of communication with his capital in Agra.
What was the direct political consequence of the Battle of Kanauj in 1540 CE?
The fragile Mughal empire came to an end, and Sher Khan established Afghan rule in India under the title of Sher Shah.
Where did Humayun find military assistance and refuge during his fifteen years of exile?
Humayun found refuge and military assistance in the court of the Persian emperor, the Shah of Persia.
How did Humayun manage to return to the throne of Delhi and Agra in 1555 CE?
Taking advantage of the weak and incompetent successors of Sher Shah, Humayun returned with Persian military assistance to recapture Delhi and Agra.
Who was Sher Shah Suri’s father, and where was his jagir located?
Sher Shah Suri’s father was Hasan Khan, who was a jagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar.
How did Sher Shah Suri learn the military techniques of Mughal warfare?
Sher Shah Suri learned Mughal warfare techniques by joining the Mughal army when Babur invaded India.
On what administrative philosophy did Sher Shah base his governance?
Sher Shah based his administration on the principle of a welfare state aimed at the progress of his subjects.
How did Sher Shah supervise his ministers and keep his central administration free of corruption?
Sher Shah went on regular tours of inspection, set up an efficient spy system, and looked into every detail of the administration.
Who supervised the local pargana officials in Sher Shah’s provincial administration?
The local pargana officials were supervised by two higher officers known as the shiqdar-i-shiqdaran and the munsif-i-munsifan.
How did Sher Shah manage village affairs at the grass-roots level?
Village affairs were managed by panchayats of village elders, alongside local village officials called patwaris and muqaddams.
What steps did Sher Shah take to ensure his military remained disciplined and strong?
Sher Shah took personal interest in training, fixed salaries based on skill, and revived the horse-branding and descriptive roll systems.
What were the three major objectives behind Sher Shah’s extensive road construction program?
The roads were built to facilitate rapid troop movements, promote trade and commerce, and make travelling comfortable for merchants.
What facilities were provided for travelers and merchants along Sher Shah’s major roads?
Shady trees were planted on both sides of the roads, and rest houses called sarais and water wells were built at regular intervals.
What trade reforms did Sher Shah introduce to boost commerce within his empire?
Sher Shah introduced uniform weights and measures, instructed officials to treat merchants well, and abolished all domestic customs duties except for import and sales duties.
How did Sher Shah maintain strict law and order regarding robberies and murders in local areas?
Sher Shah made local chieftains and village headmen personally responsible for tracking down criminals, severely punishing them if they failed to find the culprit.
How was land categorized for tax purposes under Sher Shah’s revenue system?
The land was divided into three categories—good, bad, and middling—based on its soil fertility.
What relief measures did Sher Shah offer to peasants when crops were damaged by war or natural disasters?
Sher Shah reduced land taxes and granted agricultural loans to peasants during times of crop failure, war, drought, or floods.
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