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b (98.6°F)c (Water)c (Radiation)c (To prevent the mercury level from dropping immediately after removal from the mouth.)c (Mercury)
4.2 (or 4.186)Kelvinsublimationconvectionradiation
False (A laboratory thermometer is usually graduated from -10°C to 110°C; a clinical thermometer is graduated from 35°C to 42°C.)True (Gases expand much more than solids and liquids when heated.)False (Air is a poor conductor/insulator of heat.)True (The metal with higher expansion rates expands more and bends outer, forcing the strip to bend towards the metal with lower expansion.)True (For most pure substances, the melting point and freezing point are the same, e.g., 0°C for ice/water.)
Thermal Expansion: The increase in the overall volume or size of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) when it absorbs heat energy.Thermal Equilibrium: A state achieved when two bodies of different temperatures are brought together and transfer heat until they reach the exact same temperature, halting further net heat transfer.Insulator: A substance (like wood, plastic, or rubber) that does not allow heat energy to pass through it easily or quickly.
Conduction vs. ConvectionConduction: The process of heat transfer in solids from a region of higher temperature to lower temperature without the actual movement of the molecules themselves.Convection: The process of heat transfer in fluids (liquids and gases) where molecules actually move from hotter regions to colder regions, setting up a circular current.Clinical Thermometer vs. Laboratory ThermometerClinical Thermometer: Has a range of 35°C to 42°C (or 94°F to 108°F), contains a constriction (kink) above the bulb to prevent mercury from falling immediately, and is used to measure human body temperature.Laboratory Thermometer: Has a wider range (typically -10°C to 110°C), does not contain a constriction, and is used to measure temperatures of various substances in lab experiments.
Temperature Conversion:Given Celsius temperature, 
Formula:
Substitute value of C:
Answer: The temperature of the water is 149°F.Everyday Science Application:
On cold winter days, birds puff up their feathers to trap a large amount of air in between them. Air is a poor conductor of heat, which acts as an insulator and prevents their body heat from escaping into the cold surroundings, keeping them warm.Reasoning Corner:
The iron rims are made slightly smaller than the wooden wheels. Before fitting, the iron rims are heated, which causes them to expand in size so they can easily slide onto the wooden wheels. Upon cooling, the iron contracts and tightly grips the wooden wheel.
The vacuum between the double walls of the glass vessel prevents heat transfer by conduction and convection. This is because both conduction and convection require a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas molecules) to transfer heat, which is absent in a vacuum.The silvery/shining walls of the glass vessel minimize heat transfer by reflecting radiant heat back, preventing loss or gain of heat through radiation.
Convection Currents in Nature (Sea Breeze and Land Breeze):Sea Breeze (During the Day):
During the day, the land gets heated by the sun much faster than the sea water. The air above the hot land heats up, becomes lighter, and rises vertically upwards. To fill this space, the cooler and denser air from the sea rushes toward the land. This convection current of cool air flowing from the sea to the land is called a Sea Breeze.Land Breeze (At Night):
After sunset, the land cools down much faster than the sea water. Consequently, the air above the sea is warmer and lighter than the air above the land. The warm air over the sea rises, and the cooler, denser air from the land rushes towards the sea to take its place. This convection current of cool air flowing from the land to the sea is called a Land Breeze.
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Answer key
Prepared by: learnloophq@gmail.com
Chapter: 05. Heat
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION B: FILL IN THE BLANKS
SECTION C: TRUE OR FALSE
SECTION D: EXPLANATION OF TERMS
SECTION E: IDENTIFY AND DIFFERENTIATE CONCEPTS
SECTION F: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
SECTION G: DIAGRAM-BASED QUESTION
SECTION H: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
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