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Chapter: 07. Nervous System
Control & Coordination Systems: Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
Coordinating System
Control Mechanism
Type of Messenger / Impulse
Speed of Communication
Nervous System
Neural control
Electrochemical impulses
Fastest means of communication
Endocrine System
Chemical control
Hormones
Not mentioned in text
Neuron Structure: Cyton vs. Dendrites vs. Axon
Neuron Part
Definition / Structural Features
Impulse Direction / Process
Connection / Termination
Cyton (Cell Body)
* Main part of a neuron
* Receives impulses from preceding neuron and passes them to the axon
* Not mentioned in text
Dendrites
* Fine branches of dendrons (finger-like projections branching from cyton)
* Conduct impulses from neighbouring neurons to the cyton (Afferent process)
* End in knob-like structures called terminal knobs
Axon
* Longest single extension from the cyton* Most are surrounded by a myelin sheath
* Transmit impulses away from the cyton to other neurons or effector organs (Efferent process)
* Divided into terminal branches that end in synaptic knobs
Types of Nerves: Sensory vs. Motor vs. Mixed Nerves
Nerve Type
Composition of Fibres
Direction of Impulse
Examples
Sensory Nerves
Sensory nerve fibres only
Bring impulses from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord
Optic nerve of the eye
Motor Nerves
Motor nerve fibres only
Carry impulses from brain or spinal cord to effector organs (muscles or glands)
Nerves supplying eye muscles and muscles of the tongue
Mixed Nerves
Both sensory and motor nerve fibres
Not mentioned in text
Nerves going to the lower jaw, face, neck, and salivary glands
Brain Structure: Cerebrum vs. Cerebellum vs. Medulla Oblongata
Brain Part
Alternative Name / Location
Structural Characteristics
Key Functions
Cerebrum
* Largest and most highly developed part of the brain
* Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres* Outer wall has folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci)* Contains approximately 9 billion neurons
* Seat of intelligence, consciousness, willpower, memory, reasoning, thinking, learning, and emotions* Responsible for sensory perceptions (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, pressure, temperature)
Cerebellum
* “Little brain”* Located at the back of the cerebrum (partly overlapped by it)
* Not mentioned in text
* Coordinates voluntary movements and voluntary muscles* Maintains body balance during walking, swimming, jumping, and running
Medulla Oblongata
* “Brain stem”* Posterior-most part of the brain
* Not mentioned in text
* Coordinates involuntary activities of visceral (internal) organs* Regulates breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, and peristaltic movements
Nervous Tissue Composition: Gray Matter vs. White Matter
Tissue Type
Primary Composition
Position in the Brain
Position in the Spinal Cord
Gray Matter
Mainly composed of cell bodies of neurons
Outer layer of the brain
Centrally located in an H-shaped region
White Matter
Contains axons (which join to form nerves)
Inner layer of the brain
Outer/peripheral layer
Peripheral Nerves: Cranial Nerves vs. Spinal Nerves
Nerve Division
Number of Pairs
Origin
Parts of Body Supplied
Nerve Type
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
Arise from the brain
Different parts of the head
Not mentioned in text
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs
Arise from the spinal cord
Different parts of the body (excluding the head)
Mixed type (containing both sensory and motor fibres)
Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Divisions
Division
Origin of Nerves
Position of Ganglia
Effect on Body Organs
Functional Role
Sympathetic Nervous System
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Form a chain running parallel and close to the spinal cord
Stimulatory effect
Prepares the body for violent action against adverse situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Brain, and cervical and sacral regions of the spinal cord
Lie close to or within the target organ
Inhibitory or calming effect
Brings body activities back to the normal state
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