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Chapter: 02. Kingdom Classification
Systems of Classification: Two-Kingdom vs. Three-Kingdom vs. Five-Kingdom Systems
System of Classification
Proposed By
Year
Kingdoms Included
Basis of Classification & Key Characteristics
Two-Kingdom System
Carl von Linnaeus
1758
• Kingdom Plantae• Kingdom Animalia
• Based on the ability to make food.• Plantae: Stationary, prepare own food (chlorophyll present).• Animalia: Mobile, unable to prepare own food (lack chlorophyll).
Three-Kingdom System
Ernst H. Haeckel
1866
• Kingdom Protista• Kingdom Plantae• Kingdom Animalia
• Based on the number of cells.• Protista: Unicellular (can or cannot prepare food).• Plantae: Multicellular (can prepare food).• Animalia: Multicellular (cannot prepare food).
Five-Kingdom System
R. H. Whittaker
1969
• Kingdom Monera• Kingdom Protista• Kingdom Fungi• Kingdom Plantae• Kingdom Animalia
• Based on cellular complexity (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), body organization (unicellular vs. multicellular), presence of cell wall, and photosynthetic ability/mode of nutrition.
The Five Kingdoms of Life: Comparative Overview
Kingdom
Cell Type
Cellular Organization
Cell Wall
Mode of Nutrition
Key Locomotory Structures
Examples
Monera
Prokaryotic (lacks defined nucleus and organelles)
Unicellular
Present in some, absent in others (not made of cellulose)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic (parasitic, saprozoic, or symbiotic)
Not mentioned in text
Bacteria, mycoplasma, blue-green algae (Anabaena, Nostoc)
Protista
Eukaryotic (defined nucleus and organelles)
Unicellular
Cellulosic cell wall present in plant-like forms; absent in animal-like forms
Autotrophic (plant-like algae) or heterotrophic (animal-like protozoans)
Pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella
Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular (except unicellular yeast)
Present, formed of chitin (fungal cellulose in moulds)
Heterotrophic (mostly saprotrophs, few parasites)
Absent
Yeast, mushroom, Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular (cells aggregated into tissues)
Present, made of cellulose
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
Absent
Mosses, ferns, pines, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Absent
Heterotrophic
Not mentioned in text
Multicellular animals
Bacterial Classification: Shapes of Bacteria
Bacterial Shape
Technical Name
Visual/Structural Characteristics
Examples
Spherical
Cocci
Arranged in chains and small clusters
Not mentioned in text
Rod-shaped
Bacilli
Straight, rod-like structures
Not mentioned in text
Spiral
Spirilla
Winding, branching network of lines
Not mentioned in text
Comma-shaped
Vibrio
Curved, rod-shaped with single flagella
Vibrio cholerae
Kingdom Fungi vs. Kingdom Plantae (Algae)
Character
Algae (Thallophyta)
Fungi
Nutrition
Autotrophic mode of nutrition
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition (saprotrophs/parasites)
Photosynthetic Pigment
Chlorophyll or blue-green photosynthetic pigment present
Photosynthetic pigment is absent
Cell Wall Composition
Made up of cellulose
Made up of chitin (or fungal cellulose)
Stored Food
Starch
Glycogen and oil
Body Form
Unicellular, multicellular filament, or colonial
Multicellular filamentous (except unicellular yeast)
Nonflowering Plants (Cryptogams): Thallophyta vs. Bryophyta vs. Pteridophyta
Feature
Thallophyta
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Plant Body Differentiation
Simplest plant body, not distinguished into roots, stem, or leaves (thallus)
Differentiated into stems and leaves, but no true roots
Differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves
Anchorage / Absorption Structures
Without roots, stem, or leaves
Stick to surfaces and absorb water/minerals via thread-like rhizoids
True roots and underground stem (rhizome) present
Vascular Tissue (Xylem & Phloem)
Not mentioned in text
Nonvascular (vascular tissue is not developed)
Vascular (vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—is developed)
Habitat / Common Name
Found in stagnant water of ponds, lakes, oceans (Algae)
Grow on shady and moist walls, damp soil, and tree bark (“Amphibian plants”)
Not mentioned in text (Ferns and horsetails)
Reproduction Structures
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Leaves bear small, rounded bodies called sori which produce spores
Examples
Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Dryopteris, Equisetum
Flowering Plants (Phanerogams): Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Character
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Flowers
Do not produce true flowers; bear male and female cones
Bear true flowers
Fruits
Do not bear fruits
Bear fruits (ovary develops into fruit)
Seeds
Seeds are naked (not enclosed in a fruit wall; develop inside cones)
Seeds are enclosed by the fruit wall
Ovules
Not located in an ovary (female cones bear ovules)
Enclosed in the ovary
Vascular Tissue
Xylem lacks vessels; phloem lacks companion cells
Xylem contains vessels; phloem contains companion cells
Microspores & Megaspores
Produced by male and female cones respectively
Microspores produced in anther; megaspores produced in ovules of the ovary in flowers
Level of Evolution
Primitive group of seed-bearing plants
Highly evolved plants (most numerous)
Leaves
Long, needle-shaped leaves (resist snow, frost, and conserve water)
Well-developed leaves (not explicitly detailed as needle-shaped)
Examples
Pine, Fir, Cedar, Gingko, Juniper, Cycas
Wheat, Maize, Rice, Gram, Pea, Bean, Brinjal, Mango
Subgroups of Angiosperms: Monocotyledons vs. Dicotyledons
Feature
Monocotyledons (Monocots)
Dicotyledons (Dicots)
Number of Cotyledons
Seed contains only one cotyledon
Seed contains two cotyledons
Splitting of Seed
Seed does not split open into two parts
Seed easily splits open into two parts (enclosing a baby plant)
Examples
Wheat, Maize, Rice, Grasses, Sugarcane
Gram, Pea, Bean, Brinjal, Mango, Mint
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