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Chapter: 09. Akbar

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The non-hereditary nature of a mansab meant that after the death of a mansabdar, the jagir reverted back to the king rather than passing to the mansabdar’s heirs.
Gondwana was conquered by Akbar in 1564 CE and was later restored to its local ruler.
Akbar shifted the educational focus from religious scriptures to secular subjects like mathematics, agriculture, logic, history, and astronomy.
The vakil served as the prime minister but held no effective authority, acting only as an advisory, ceremonial head.
Akbar was thirteen years old when he was proclaimed emperor.
The main export items were textiles, spices, indigo, and saltpetre.
The nine gems were Abul Fazl, Faizi, Birbal, Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Raja Birbal Das, Fakir Aziao-Din, Mullah Do Piyaza, and Tansen.
Raja Man Singh of Amber led the Mughal forces against Rana Pratap in the Battle of Haldighati.
Raja Todar Mal was Akbar’s brilliant revenue minister who designed the land revenue reforms.
The Second Battle of Panipat resulted in the defeat and death of Hemu, which crushed Afghan power and secured Akbar’s throne.
Akbar abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims and the pilgrim tax on Hindus visiting holy places.
Akbar married the daughter of the Raja of Jaipur (Amber) and proposed to marry the daughter of Udai Singh, the Rana of Mewar, to build friendly relations.
Akbar met his subjects in the Diwan-i-Aam to receive petitions, listen to their problems, and resolve cases on the spot.
The prominent buildings constructed in Fatehpur Sikri are the Diwan-i-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jodha Bai’s Palace, and the Buland Darwaza.
Hemu, the chief minister and general of Adil Shah, occupied Delhi and Agra and declared himself ruler in 1556 CE.
The state granted remission of land revenue and provided loans in easy installments to buy seeds, cattle, and implements.
Akbar conquered Kashmir, Kandahar, Lower Sind, and Eastern Balochistan during his campaigns in the north-west.
The minimum age of marriage was raised to fourteen years for girls and sixteen years for boys.
A governor called the subedar was placed in charge of both military and civil affairs in each province.
Akbar took absolute power of the state affairs in 1560 CE at the age of eighteen.
The objective of Din-i-Ilahi was to establish a religious order acceptable to all communities that promoted universal brotherhood and national unity.
The king’s share was determined as one-third of the average produce of the land calculated over the preceding ten years.
The mir bakshi was the head of the military department and served as the paymaster of all mansabdars.
Tulsidas, the greatest Hindi author of that time, wrote the Ramacharitamanas.
Rana Udai Singh established his new capital at Udaipur after escaping to the hills.
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