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Chapter: 07. Electricity
Subatomic Particles: Protons vs. Electrons vs. Neutrons
Particle
Charge
Location in Atom
Movement / Behavior
Protons
Positively charged
Inside the nucleus (centre of the atom)
Not mentioned in text
Electrons
Negatively charged
In paths called orbits surrounding the nucleus
Revolve around the nucleus; free electrons move in a single direction to constitute current
Neutrons
No charge (neutral)
Inside the nucleus (centre of the atom)
Not mentioned in text
Electrochemical Cells: Primary Cells vs. Secondary Cells
Feature
Primary Cell
Secondary Cell
Chemical Reaction
Irreversible
Reversible
Rechargeability
Cannot be recharged; must be discarded once chemicals are used up
Can be recharged and reused
Common Usage / Devices
Used to operate small, portable devices (e.g., torches, toys, radios, bicycles, calculators, clocks)
Used to operate devices requiring more energy (e.g., mobile phones, cameras, computers, emergency lights, automobiles, generators)
Examples
Simple voltaic cell, Daniel cell, Leclanche cell, dry cell
Lead accumulator, Edison accumulator, nickel-iron accumulator
Circuit Configurations: Series Circuits vs. Parallel Circuits
Point of Comparison
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Voltage Distribution
Voltage (potential difference) is shared among appliances
Each appliance gets the original voltage
Operation of Appliances
All appliances work simultaneously
All appliances work independently (can have separate switches)
Interdependence
Appliances depend upon each other to complete the circuit
Appliances are not dependent upon each other
Impact of Damage / Failure
If one appliance is damaged or stopped, the circuit breaks and all other appliances stop working
If one appliance is damaged, the remaining appliances continue to work
Circuit States: Closed Circuits vs. Open Circuits
Feature
Closed Circuit
Open Circuit
Definition
A complete, unbroken circuit path
A circuit in which the electrical contact is broken at any point
Current Flow
Electric current flows through the circuit
No electric current flows
Switch State
Switch is turned ON
Switch is turned OFF
Electrical Safety Devices: Fuses vs. Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)
Point of Comparison
Fuse
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
Mechanism of Interruption
Contains a wire that melts and breaks the circuit when current exceeds the permissible value
Automatically breaks the circuit in case of overload or short circuit
Reusability / Resetting
Cannot be reused; must be replaced every time there is an overflow of current
Reusable; can be easily reset manually or automatically
Sensitivity to Current
Less sensitive
Highly sensitive; detects even slight voltage fluctuations and interrupts current fast
Power Fluctuations
Not mentioned in text
Leads to fewer power fluctuations by providing equal distribution of energy
Fault Isolation
Not mentioned in text
Helps identify fault zones easily and restore electricity quickly
Materials: Conductors vs. Insulators
Point of Comparison
Conductors
Insulators (Non-conductors)
Definition
Substances that allow electric current to flow through them easily
Substances that do not allow electric current to flow through them easily
Examples
Metals (copper, silver, nickel, aluminium, iron, steel), human body, impure water
Cotton, rubber, paper, glass, ceramics, plastic, wood, pure water, air
Primary Safety / Practical Utility
Used to construct electrical circuits and wires to facilitate flow
Used to cover metallic wires to make them safe for handling
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