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Chapter: 05. Heat
Temperature Scales: Celsius vs. Fahrenheit vs. Kelvin
Scale
Symbol
Inventor
Lower Standard Point (Freezing Point of Water)
Higher Standard Point (Boiling Point of Water)
Number of Divisions
Lowest Possible Temperature
Celsius
°C
Anders Celsius (Swedish astronomer)
0°C
100°C
100
Not mentioned in text
Fahrenheit
°F
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (German physicist)
32°F
212°F
180
Not mentioned in text
Kelvin
K
Lord Kelvin (British physicist)
273 K
373 K
100
0 K
Thermometers: Laboratory Thermometer vs. Clinical Thermometer
Thermometer Type
Graduation / Temperature Range
Key Structural Features
Primary Purpose / Application
Laboratory Thermometer (Mercury Thermometer)
-10°C to 110°C
• Glass stem with a fine capillary tube• Thin-walled glass bulb filled with mercury• Sealed end with air driven out• No constriction/kink
Used in laboratories to measure the temperature of substances like hot water
Clinical Thermometer (Doctor’s Thermometer)
35°C to 42°C (or 94°F to 108°F)
• Slight bend or kink (constriction) in the capillary tube just above the bulb• Glass bulb filled with mercury
Used by doctors to measure human body temperature
Processes of Change of State
Process
Initial State
Final State
Heat Action
Fixed Temperature Point (Name & Value for Water/Ice)
Melting
Solid
Liquid
Absorbing heat
Melting point (0°C for pure ice)
Freezing
Liquid
Solid
Releasing heat
Freezing point (0°C for water)
Vaporization
Liquid
Vapour
Absorbing heat
Boiling point (100°C for water)
Condensation
Vapour
Liquid
Releasing (cooling)
Condensation point (100°C for steam)
Sublimation
Solid
Vapour / Gas
Absorbing heat
Not mentioned in text
Types of Thermal Expansion in Solids
Type of Expansion
Dimension of Solid that Increases on Heating
Linear Expansion
Length
Superficial Expansion
Surface area
Cubical Expansion
Volume
Thermal Expansion Across States of Matter
State of Matter
Extent of Expansion on Heating
Types of Expansion Exhibited
Solids
Expands the least; different solids expand to different extents
Linear, superficial, and cubical expansion
Liquids
Expands much more than solids
Cubical (volume) expansion only
Gases
Expands the most (ten times more than liquids); all gases expand equally
Volume expansion only
Materials: Good Conductors vs. Bad Conductors (Insulators)
Material Type
Definition
Examples from Text
Common Applications
Good Conductors
Substances that allow heat to pass through them easily and quickly
Silver (best), copper, aluminium, iron, and mercury (liquid exception)
• Cooking utensils (aluminium, iron)• Copper tubing in automobile radiators
Bad Conductors (Insulators)
Substances that do not allow heat to pass through them easily
Wood, glass, plastic, rubber, paper, asbestos sheets, clay tiles, sawdust, wool, air, and water
• Handles of cooking vessels (plastic, wood, ebonite)• Double-walled ice houses (trapped air)• Woollen clothes in winter (wool and trapped air)• Covering ice blocks (cloth, sawdust)• Roofs of sheds (asbestos sheets, clay tiles)
Modes of Heat Transfer: Conduction vs. Convection vs. Radiation
Feature
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Speed of Process
Slow process
Faster than conduction
Fastest process
Necessity of Medium
Medium is necessary
Medium is necessary
No medium is necessary
Occurrence in States of Matter
Occurs in solids, liquids, and gases
Occurs in liquids and gases (fluids) only
Occurs in solids, liquids, and gases
Direction of Heat Transfer
Can be transferred in any direction
Transferred vertically upwards
Transferred in a straight path
Movement of Molecules
Molecules do not leave their mean position; they vibrate and transfer heat
Molecules leave their mean position and carry heat energy upwards
Medium/molecules have no role in heat transfer
Coastal Winds: Sea Breeze vs. Land Breeze
Breeze Type
Time of Occurrence
Direction of Air Flow
Cause / Mechanism
Sea Breeze
During the day
From sea to land
Land heats up faster than water. Hot air above land rises, and cooler air from the sea rushes in.
Land Breeze
After sunset (at night)
From land to sea
Land cools down faster than water. Air above the sea is warmer and rises, and cooler air from the land moves toward the sea.
Thermal Properties of Surfaces: Dark-Coloured vs. White/Shining Surfaces
Surface Type
Absorption of Heat
Radiation of Heat
Reflection of Heat
Practical Applications
Dull, Black, or Dark-coloured
Good absorber
Good radiator
Poor reflector
• Dark clothes worn in winter• Bottoms of cooking utensils painted black• Radiators of cars, ACs, and refrigerators coloured dull black
White and Shining
Bad absorber
Bad radiator
Good reflector
• Light-coloured clothes worn in summer• Shining brass caps used by firemen• Polished metal surfaces behind room heater elements
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