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Chapter: 01. Matter And Its Composition
Mass vs. Weight
Entity
Definition
Variation with Location
Mass
The quantity (amount) of matter that an object contains.
Remains the same at all places.
Weight
The force with which the earth attracts an object towards itself.
Changes from place to place.
Basic Particles of Matter: Atoms vs. Molecules
Entity
Definition
Independent Existence
Composition
Atom
The smallest particle that exhibits all the properties of matter.
Usually does not have an independent existence.
The building blocks of matter; can join together to form molecules.
Molecule
The smallest particle of matter that exhibits all properties and has an independent existence.
Has an independent existence.
Made up of two or more of the same or different kinds of atoms.
Intermolecular Forces: Cohesive vs. Adhesive Force
Entity
Definition
Type of Particles Involved
Cohesive Force
The force of attraction between particles of the same substance.
Same kind of particles.
Adhesive Force
The force of attraction between particles of different substances.
Different kinds of particles.
States of Matter: Solids vs. Liquids vs. Gases
Parameter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
Definite shape.
No definite shape (takes the shape of its container).
No definite shape.
Volume
Definite volume.
Definite volume.
No definite volume (occupies all available space).
Arrangement of Molecules
Molecules are very closely packed.
Molecules are loosely packed.
Molecules are far apart.
Intermolecular Space
Almost negligible.
Larger than solids.
Very large.
Intermolecular Force
Very strong.
Weak.
Weakest (or negligible).
Position of Molecules
Fixed; molecules only vibrate about their mean positions.
Not fixed; molecules move within the boundary of the liquid.
Not fixed; molecules are free to move in all directions.
Rigidity
Rigid.
Not rigid.
Not rigid.
Compressibility
Incompressible.
Slightly compressible.
Highly compressible.
Fluidity (Tendency to Flow)
Does not flow.
Flows from a higher level to a lower level.
Flows in all directions.
Solubility in Water
* Some are insoluble (e.g., sand, mud, wood).* Some are soluble (e.g., sugar, common salt).
* Miscible/soluble (e.g., vinegar, sugar syrup, alcohol).* Immiscible/insoluble (e.g., oil, diesel).
* Some are readily soluble (e.g., ammonia, chlorine).* Some are insoluble (e.g., hydrogen).
Diffusion
Does not diffuse.
Diffuses slowly.
Diffuses very fast.
Direct Phase Transitions: Sublimation vs. Deposition
Entity
Transition Direction
Temperature Condition
Examples Mentioned
Sublimation
Directly from Solid 
Gas (Vapour)
On heating
Camphor, naphthalene, ammonium chloride
Deposition
Directly from Vapour (Gas) Solid
On cooling
Camphor, naphthalene, ammonium chloride
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