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Chapter: 01. Tissues
Unicellular Organisms vs. Multicellular Organisms
Feature
Unicellular Organisms
Multicellular Organisms
Cell Count
Single-celled
Multiple cells
Division of Labour
Absent; all life processes are carried out within a single cell
Present; cells are specialised to carry out specific functions
Structural Organisation
Exists at the cellular level of organisation
Organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems
Examples
Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, and bacteria
Algae, sponges, plants, and animals (including humans)
Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissues vs. Permanent Tissues
Point of Comparison
Meristematic Tissues
Permanent Tissues
Cell Maturity
Young and undifferentiated cells
Mature and differentiated cells
Cell Division
Cells keep on dividing continuously
Cells do not divide
Cell Wall
Thin cell wall
Thick cell wall
Intercellular Spaces
Absent
Living cells have intercellular spaces; nonliving cells may not
Vacuoles
Absent or very small
Large vacuole present
Nucleus
Large and centrally located
Nucleus is displaced to one side
Primary Function
Responsible for plant growth (length and girth)
Specialised to carry out specific permanent functions (protection, support, conduction)
Location
Growing points of plants (roots, shoots, branches)
Throughout the bulk of the plant body, except at the meristems
Plant Tissues: Simple Tissues vs. Complex Tissues
Point of Comparison
Simple Tissues
Complex Tissues
Cell Types
Formed of only one type of cell
Formed of more than one type of cells
Cell Function
All cells perform the same function
Different cells carry out different functions
Subtypes/Examples
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma (under protective and supporting tissues)
Xylem and phloem (conducting tissues)
Primary Function
Provide protection and structural support
Transport water, minerals, and sugars
Supporting Tissues: Parenchyma vs. Collenchyma vs. Sclerenchyma
Feature
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Cell State
Living
Living, elongated
Dead, long, and fibre-like
Cell Wall Structure
Thin cell walls
Irregularly thick cell walls at the corners
Uniformly thick cell walls
Intercellular Spaces
Cells are loosely packed with intercellular spaces
Very little intercellular space between cells
No intercellular spaces
Location
Soft parts of the plant
Below the epidermis; leaves, stem, and petioles of herbaceous dicot plants
Around vascular bundles in stems, veins of leaves, and petioles
Primary Function
Stores food, forms ground tissue, helps in photosynthesis (as chlorenchyma), and conducts water
Provides mechanical support to leaves and stem
Provides mechanical strength and rigidity to the plant body
Conducting Tissues: Xylem vs. Phloem
Point of Comparison
Xylem
Phloem
Cell Types Present
Xylem tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma
Living vs. Dead Cells
All cells are dead except for xylem parenchyma
All cells are living except for phloem fibres
Structure of Conducting Elements
Vessels are joined end-to-end like drain pipes; partitions between vessels are dissolved
Sieve tubes are joined end-to-end; end plates are perforated (sieve plates)
Primary Transport Function
Transports water and minerals upwards from roots to leaves
Transports food downwards from leaves to various parts of the plant
Alternative Name
Wood
Not mentioned in text
Types of Epithelial Tissues
Tissue
Location
Structure
Functions
Squamous epithelium
Outer layer of skin, lining of alveoli, blood vessels, body cavity, and buccal cavity
Flattened, scale-like cells (pavement epithelium)
Protection of underlying tissues
Cuboidal epithelium
Lining of kidney tubules, thyroid glands, and germinal epithelium in testes and ovaries
Cube-like cells in a single layer with a centrally placed nucleus
Absorption, secretion, and formation of gametes in ovaries and testes
Columnar epithelium
Lining of pharynx, stomach, intestine, and sweat and sebaceous glands
Cylindrical cells in a single layer with the nucleus near the base
Absorption and secretion
Ciliated epithelium
Lining of nasal passages, trachea, oviductal funnel, and oviduct
Modified columnar cells with hair-like cilia on the surface
Cilia make substances move in the cavity
Glandular epithelium
Glands of stomach, intestine, skin, and mammary glands
Modified columnar epithelial cells
Secretes digestive juices, oil (sebum), tears, and milk in females
Sensory epithelium
Sense organs (taste buds, ears, nose, eyes)
Modified columnar epithelium with sensory hair at free ends
Collects sensory stimuli
Connecting Tissues: Tendons vs. Ligaments
Point of Comparison
Tendons
Ligaments
Strength & Elasticity
Strong and nonelastic
Strong but elastic
Tissue Composition
White, nonelastic fibrous tissue
Yellow, elastic tissue
Location
Present at the ends of muscle bundles
Present between the ends of bones
Connection Type
Joins skeletal muscles to bones
Joins ends of two bones together at joints
Skeletal Tissues: Cartilage vs. Bone
Point of Comparison
Cartilage
Bone
Texture & Elasticity
Firm but elastic (flexible)
Hard, nonelastic, strong, and brittle
Matrix Composition
Not mentioned in text
Contains inorganic salts of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
Location
Windpipe wall, nasal septum, external ear (pinna), and between bones at joints
Skeletal framework of the body
Functions
Supports organs, reduces friction, and relieves bones of shocks
Forms supportive framework, protects delicate internal organs (brain, lungs, heart), aids locomotion, and forms blood cells in red marrow
Fluid Tissues: Blood vs. Lymph
Point of Comparison
Blood
Lymph
Appearance & Colour
Red-coloured fluid
Colourless, straw-coloured, or blood-like fluid
Matrix & Cell Composition
Straw-coloured liquid matrix (plasma) with RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Filtered blood plasma without RBCs and blood proteins
Flow Location
Flows inside closed blood vessels
Surrounds the tissue cells in the body
Primary Functions
• Supplies oxygen (RBCs)• Fights and kills germs (WBCs)• Clots blood at wounds (platelets)• Transports nutrients, carbon dioxide, and hormones
• Helps in exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells• Protects body against infection
Muscular Tissues: Striated vs. Nonstriated vs. Cardiac
Feature
Striated (Voluntary) Muscles
Nonstriated (Involuntary) Muscles
Cardiac (Heart) Muscles
Control
Voluntary (under conscious control)
Involuntary
Involuntary
Location
Attached to bones
Walls of alimentary canal, blood vessels, and urinary bladder
Wall of the heart
Structure
• Long, cylindrical fibres• Arranged in bundles• Have light and dark bands (striations)
• Spindle-shaped long fibres• Arranged as sheets or sphincters• No dark and light bands
• Cylindrical and branched fibres• Arranged as a network• Have light and dark bands
Functions
Help in movement of bones, body parts, and locomotion
Help in movement of food, urine, etc.
Help in pumping blood to different body parts
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