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Chapter: 07. Rise Of The Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdoms

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SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1. © Krishnadeva Raya
Q2. (d) Raichur Doab
Q3. (b) Alauddin Bahman Shah
Q4. © Domingo Paes
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SECTION B: Fill in the Blanks

Q5. Tungabhadra
Q6. Amir Timur
Q7. Pardesis
Q8. Gol Gumbaz
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SECTION C: True or False

Q9. False. ​Correction: The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six provinces (rajya or mandalam).
Q10. True.
Q11. False. ​Correction: The caste system in the Vijayanagar society was rigid, and Brahmanas were powerful and held in high esteem.
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SECTION D: Explanations of Terms

Q12. Mandalam: A term used for the provinces in the Vijayanagar Empire. The empire was divided into six mandalams (or rajyas), each placed under the charge of a governor.
Q13. Pardesis: Foreign or non-local nobles who lived and worked in the Bahmani kingdom, who were often in constant conflict with the Deccani (local) nobles.
Q14. Sati: A social practice prevalent during medieval times (including the Vijayanagar empire) in which a widow sacrificed herself by sitting on her deceased husband’s funeral pyre.
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SECTION E: Identifying and Differentiating Concepts

Q15.
Deccani Nobles: They were local nobles belonging to the Deccan region in the Bahmani kingdom.
Pardesi Nobles: They were foreign nobles who had migrated to the Bahmani kingdom.
Impact of conflict: The chronic conflict and political rivalry between these two noble groups weakened the state, leading to conspiracies (such as the execution of Mahmud Gawan) and the ultimate disintegration of the kingdom into five states.
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SECTION F: Short Answer Questions

Q16. The Battle of Talikota (1565 CE) sounded the death knell of the Vijayanagar kingdom. The capital city of Vijayanagar was plundered, burned, and ravaged by the victorious alliance of five Deccan sultanates. Although the kingdom survived until the 17th century, it lost its former glory and power.
Q17. Three achievements of Mahmud Gawan are:
He expanded the borders of the Bahmani kingdom and recaptured the important port of Goa from the Vijayanagar kingdom.
He promoted agriculture, which made the kingdom economically prosperous.
He was a great patron of learning and built a famous madrasa (college) at Bidar, donating his private library of 3,000 books to it.
Q18. Examples of religious tolerance:
They employed Muslims in their army and administration.
They did not discriminate between Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Hindus.
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SECTION G: Diagram-Based Questions

Q19.
(a) The King was the absolute head of the administration. He was worshipped by the people as God’s representative on earth.
(b) The Village (Grama) was at the bottom rung.
© Under the revived feudal system, village administration was governed by officers whose posts were hereditary.
(d) The districts were called Nadus. Directly below the Nadus were the Gramas (villages).
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SECTION H: Long Answer Questions

Q20. The main causes for the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate were:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s visionary schemes: His failed experiments drained the treasury and depleted government resources.
Economic distress: Agriculture and trade suffered severe setbacks, leading to widespread misery and resentment among the people.
Military weakness: The army suffered heavy casualties under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Later, Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s lack of military leadership demoralized the army and encouraged enemies.
Weak Administration: Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s leniency towards corrupt officials and criminals sapped the state’s vitality, and his death led to a civil war among descendants.
Amir Timur’s Invasion: The Mongol ruler Amir Timur plundered Delhi in 1398-99 CE, dealing the final crushing blow to the Sultanate.
Q21.
Economic Wealth: Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms of its time. Agriculture was developed by clearing forests and building tanks, canals, and dams for irrigation.
Sources of Revenue: The two main sources of revenue were taxes on land and trade. Land tax varied from one-third to one-sixth of the produce, based on assessed land quality.
Trade and Commerce: Trade flourished significantly. Markets were filled with rich foreign imports such as Arabian horses, Chinese silks, and Sri Lankan elephants. The kingdom exported cotton cloth, sandalwood, rice, sugar, and spices, which generated immense wealth and heavily enriched the royal treasury.
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