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Iltutmish saved India from the threat of a Mongol invasion by politely refusing to give refuge to the Shah of Persia, who was being pursued to the borders of India by the Mongol chief Chenghiz Khan.Punjab was the only Indian province annexed by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.Ghiyasuddin Balban maintained strict decorum in his court by never smiling, banning all laughter and joking, and forcing nobles to kneel and touch the ground with their foreheads to show respect.Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji was the general of Muhammad Ghori who swept across Bihar and overthrew the Sena dynasty of Bengal.The two important independent states established by the Turks in Central Asia were Ghazni and Ghor.Firoz Shah Tughlaq added the fifth and the last storey to the Qutb Minar.Balban strengthened his defences by keeping his army in a constant state of readiness, building new forts while repairing old ones, and appointing his own sons as governors of the frontier provinces.The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan marked the end of Rajput rule in north India and passed the kingdom of Delhi into the hands of Muslim rulers, who occupied the throne until 1858.Iltutmish is regarded as the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate because he transformed the loosely-knit Ghori territories in India into a strong, well-defined, compact state.Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni targeted temple towns because they served as treasure houses of fabulous riches, which he needed to fund a large, well-equipped army to expand and protect his Central Asian kingdom.Qutbuddin Aibak died in 1210 CE from an accidental fall from a horse.The five major Rajput kingdoms in north India were the Rathors of Kanauj, the Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer, the Solankis of Gujarat, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chandellas of Bundelkhand.Razia Sultan married the rebel leader Altunia in an effort to recover the throne of Delhi.This period is known as the period of the Delhi Sultanate because its rulers were known as sultans and they ruled the country from their capital city of Delhi.The two eminent scholars patronized by Mahmud of Ghazni were the Persian poet Firdausi and the great Persian historian and mathematician Al Beruni.
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Chapter: 04. The Turkish Invasion And The Establishment Of The Delhi Sultanate
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