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Chapter: 04. Photosynthesis
Modes of Nutrition: Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Nutrition
Point of Comparison
Autotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Definition
Process of nutrition in which food is taken in the form of inorganic substances and organic compounds are synthesised.
Process of obtaining readymade food from plants or animals or both.
Ability to Make Food
Organisms make their own food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight and chlorophyll.
Organisms cannot make their own food; they must obtain readymade food.
Organism Type / Examples
Green plants (referred to as autotrophs).
All organisms other than green plants (such as animals and non-green plants).
Guard Cells: Open Stomata vs. Closed Stomata
Point of Comparison
Open Stomata
Closed Stomata
Time of Occurrence
During the daytime.
At night.
Light Presence
Occurs when sunlight is present and photosynthesis takes place.
Occurs when there is no light and no photosynthesis is taking place.
Guard Cell Condition
Turgid (swollen up).
Flaccid (shrunk).
Water Movement
Water from surrounding cells enters the guard cells.
Water comes out of the guard cells.
Inner and Outer Walls
Outer thin walls bulge out, and inner thick walls are drawn apart.
Inner thick walls become straight.
Size of Stomatal Opening
Widens.
Closes.
Primary Biological Purpose
To let carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enter the leaf.
To avoid loss of water by transpiration.
Leaf Vein Elements: Xylem vs. Phloem
Point of Comparison
Xylem
Phloem
Primary Substance Transported
Water.
Food (glucose/starch).
Direction / Destination
Provides water to every cell in the leaf.
Translocates food from the leaf to other parts of the plant.
Source of Transported Material
Soil (absorbed by roots).
Leaf (synthesised during photosynthesis).
Cellular Processes: Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Point of Comparison
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Definition
Synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide ( 
) and water in the presence of sunlight.
Process by which energy stored in glucose molecules is released for vital cellular activities.
Occurrence (Organisms)
Green plants.
All living plants and animals.
Occurrence (Location)
Green parts of plants (specifically chloroplasts in green cells).
Cells of organisms.
Starting Materials (Inputs)
Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll.
Glucose and oxygen.
End Products (Outputs)
Glucose and oxygen.
Energy (for vital activities).
Energy Transformation
Solar energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy (stored in glucose).
Chemical energy stored in glucose is released for cell use.
Experimental Setups (Activity 2: Starch Formation Experiment)
Point of Comparison
Plant A
Plant B
Exposure to Light
Kept in the dark.
Placed in sunlight for at least 4–5 hours.
Starch Status Prior to Treatment
Destarched (kept in dark for 48 hours).
Destarched (kept in dark for 48 hours).
Iodine Test Result
Leaf does not turn blue-black (remains unchanged).
Leaf turns blue-black.
Presence of Starch
Starch is absent.
Starch is present.
Occurrence of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis did not occur.
Photosynthesis occurred.
Experimental Setups (Activity 6: Carbon Dioxide Requirement Experiment)
Point of Comparison
Plant A
Plant B
Chemical Present in Setup
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution (in a watch glass).
None.
Carbon Dioxide ( ) Availability
Carbon dioxide was unavailable (absorbed by KOH).
Carbon dioxide was available (normal air inside bell jar).
Iodine Test Result
Leaf shows absence of starch (does not turn blue-black).
Leaf tests positive for starch (turns blue-black).
Occurrence of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis did not occur.
Photosynthesis occurred.
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