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Chapter: 09. Akbar

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Section A: Objective Type Questions

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

© 18 (At the age of 18 in 1560 CE, Akbar decided to take charge of the affairs of the state and dismissed Bairam Khan).
(a) Baz Bahadur (Malwa was annexed in 1561 CE. Its ruler, Baz Bahadur, was later given an important post in Akbar’s court).
(b) 1570 CE (By 1570 CE, practically all the Rajput princes had accepted Akbar as their overlord).
(a) Mohur (Akbar issued a gold coin called the mohur made of pure gold and standard weight).
(d) Abul Fazl (Abul Fazl was Akbar’s court historian who wrote the Akbarnama in Persian).
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II. Fill in the Blanks

Hemu (In 1556 CE, Hemu, the chief minister and general of Adil Shah, occupied Delhi and Agra).
jarib (Land was surveyed and measured with a bamboo jarib joined together with iron rings).
Ibadat Khana (In 1575 CE, Akbar built the Ibadat Khana or the hall of prayer at Fatehpur Sikri).
Birbal (Birbal was the only Hindu courtier to accept the Din-i-Ilahi).
14 (The minimum age of marriage was raised to 14 years for girls and 16 years for boys).
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III. True or False Questions

True
False. Correction: A mansab or rank was not hereditary. After the death of the mansabdar, the jagir reverted to the king, who granted it to someone else.
True
False. Correction: In Akbar’s revenue system, one third of the average produce was the king’s share.
True
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Section B: Concept Definition and Identification

IV. Explanation of Terms

Jauhar: The self-immolation or burning of queens and female royals of the Rajput kingdoms when facing defeat at the hands of an enemy.
Sulh-i-Kul: A principle meaning “universal peace” or “peace with all,” which emphasized finding elements of virtue and divine truth in every religion and basic unity in different faiths.
Mansabdar: The holder of a rank or office in the civil and military administration of the Mughal empire under the mansabdari system.
Pilgrim Tax: A tax imposed by earlier rulers on Hindus visiting places of religious pilgrimage, which was abolished by Akbar.
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V. Differentiate Between Concepts

Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Aam:
Diwan-i-Khas was the private audience hall where Akbar held regular meetings with his senior officers.
Diwan-i-Aam was the common audience hall where Akbar met his subjects, received petitions, listened to their problems, and solved cases on the spot.
Wazir (Diwan) and Mir Bakshi:
The Wazir or Diwan was the head of the revenue department.
The Mir Bakshi was the head of the military department and the paymaster of all mansabdars.
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Section C: Diagram-Based Analysis

VI. Diagram-Based Question

Districts or Sarkars (According to the administration hierarchy, provinces/subas were subdivided into districts or sarkars).
Village Panchayats (The villages, at the lowest level of administration, were looked after by the village panchayats).
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Section D: Short & Long Answer Questions

VII. Short Answer Questions

When Akbar ascended the throne, the Mughal rule was unstable. Adil Shah (nephew of Sher Shah) wanted to recapture the throne of Delhi, the Rajputs had become powerful and wanted to expel the Mughals, and Kabul was occupied by Akbar’s independent half-brother.
The Second Battle of Panipat (1556 CE) crushed the Afghan power under Hemu and removed the immediate threat to Akbar’s throne, securing his position in Delhi and Agra.
The vakil was the prime minister. However, Akbar reduced the vakil’s position to that of an advisory, ceremonial head who did not exercise any effective authority.
During the Battle of Haldighati, even though both Rana Pratap and Chetak were severely wounded, Chetak faithfully carried his master to a safe place away from the battlefield and died at that spot.
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VIII. Long Answer Questions

Features of Todar Mal’s Bandobast:
Land was surveyed and measured using a bamboo jarib joined by iron rings instead of hemp rope.
Land was grouped into four categories depending on whether it was regularly or occasionally cultivated, and further classified into good, middling, and bad.
The average produce and average price over the past 10 years were calculated, and the king’s share was fixed at one-third of this average.
Payment was preferred in cash, though it could be paid in kind.
Revenue officers were instructed to treat peasants well, loans were advanced for agricultural needs, and state remissions of revenue were granted in times of drought or flood.
Akbar’s Religious Policy Actions:
Akbar abolished the jizya (poll) tax and the pilgrim tax which had been imposed on non-Muslims by earlier rulers.
He allowed Hindus to build temples, celebrate festivals, and worship freely.
He married Rajput princesses, allowed them freedom of worship, and participated in Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali.
He gave high administrative and military posts to talented Hindus like Todar Mal, Birbal, and Raja Bhagwan Das.
He gave land grants to people of all religions and established the Ibadat Khana for interfaith discussions.
Akbar’s Rajput Policy (Reasons and Results):
Why adopted: Akbar realized that Delhi and Agra could never be safe until the Rajputs were subdued, and that their friendship, patriotism, and military support were essential to building and maintaining a stable empire.
Measures: He treated them with honor and equality, entered into matrimonial alliances with them, and appointed them to high offices (such as Raja Man Singh as military commander). He did not annex their kingdoms after defeating them; instead, they retained their lands by recognizing him as overlord and paying tribute.
Results: Akbar won the complete loyalty, cooperation, and support of the Rajputs, who subsequently formed the backbone of a strong, stable, and expanded Mughal empire.
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