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Pure substances: Substances that contain the same kind of particles (atoms or molecules) and have a definite, uniform composition.Impure substances (mixtures): Substances that contain two or more pure substances physically mixed in any proportion.Element: A pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms that cannot be split into simpler substances by any physical or chemical method.Atom: The smallest unit of an element.Metals: Elements that are mostly solid at room temperature, hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of heat and electricity.Non-metals: Elements that are generally soft, non-lustrous, non-malleable, non-ductile, brittle, non-sonorous, and bad conductors of heat and electricity.Metalloids: Elements that show some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals.Noble or Inert Gases: Gaseous elements that do not react chemically with other elements.Symbol: The abbreviation used to denote an element.Compound: A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass.Molecule: The smallest unit of a compound that exhibits all the properties of that compound and has an independent existence.Mixture: Two or more pure substances mixed together physically in any proportion without undergoing any chemical change.Homogeneous mixture: A mixture in which the components are mixed uniformly such that they cannot be seen separately.Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture in which the components are not mixed uniformly and can be seen separately.Emulsion: A mixture of two or more liquid components that are immiscible.Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid where the solid particles remain suspended.Solution: A homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent.Solute: A substance that dissolves in another substance to form a solution, usually present in a small amount.Solvent: A substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution, usually present in a large amount.Alloy: A homogeneous solid mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a small amount of non-metal.Sublimation: The process during which a solid directly changes into its gaseous state on heating without changing into a liquid first.Deposition: The process during which a vapour or a gas directly changes into its solid state on cooling.Evaporation: The process during which a liquid changes into its vapour at a temperature below its boiling point.Crystallisation: The process of separating a pure substance in the form of crystals from its hot saturated solution by cooling.Hydrolysis: The chemical breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water.Distillation: The method of getting a pure liquid from a solution by evaporation and subsequent condensation of the vapour.Centrifugation: A method used to separate tiny insoluble solid particles from a liquid by spinning the mixture at a very high speed.Miscible liquids: Liquids that dissolve completely in each other to form a single layer.Immiscible liquids: Liquids that do not dissolve completely in each other and form separate layers.Chromatography: The process of separating the different dissolved components of a mixture based on their adsorption on an appropriate material.
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Chapter: 03. Elements Compounds And Mixtures
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