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Firoz Shah Tughlaq failed to recover the provinces because he lacked the basic qualities of a strong military leader and chose not to pursue the independent territories.Any merchant caught using short weights was punished by having an amount of flesh equivalent to the deficiency in weight cut off from his body.Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital because Devagiri was centrally located within his expanded empire and was at a safe distance from repeated Mongol invasions.Ziauddin Barani was a prominent political thinker and historian who served as a companion to Muhammad bin Tughlaq for seventeen years.He secured the throne by bribing the nobles with rich gifts and having Jalaluddin’s sons and grandsons either blinded or killed.He reduced land taxes in the Doab, cancelled all famine-era loans, abolished many unnecessary taxes, and built canals, wells, and dams to boost agriculture.He restored peace and stability by being an efficient administrator, suppressing revolts in distant provinces, and introducing welfare reforms for his subjects.Jalaluddin Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty in 1290 CE by capturing the throne of Delhi from the last ruler of the Mamluk dynasty.Firoz Shah adopted a policy of conciliation by increasing the salaries of his nobles and making the iqta system hereditary, whereas Alauddin used harsh regulations to keep his nobles under strict control.The Hindu Vijayanagar kingdom and the Muslim Bahmani kingdom were established in the south during his reign.Alauddin Khilji built the Siri Fort and the Palace of Thousand Pillars in Delhi.The Sayyid dynasty came to an end in 1451 CE when it was replaced by an Afghan dynasty called the Lodis, founded by Bahlul Lodi.He abandoned the expedition because he realized it would be highly impractical to send such a massive army across the snowy Himalayan passes.His primary objective was to acquire immense wealth from the southern rulers to pay for his huge standing army and administrative machinery without annexing their territories.Price control refers to the practice where the king or government directly regulates and fixes the prices of goods to prevent merchants from overcharging customers.The scheme failed because the tax increase coincided with a severe famine, and the ruthless collection methods forced ruined peasants to abandon their lands and flee to the jungles.In the First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi, bringing an end to the Delhi Sultanate and starting Mughal rule in India.His generous and forgiving attitude weakened state authority, which ultimately led to lawlessness and revolts across the kingdom.He made the judicial system humane by abolishing the savage practice of torturing suspects and ensuring that guilty individuals received mild punishments.Following the fall of Chittor, Alauddin’s forces captured the important Malwa cities of Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar, and Chanderi.The experiment collapsed because the government failed to make the minting of coins a state monopoly, which allowed citizens to easily produce counterfeit brass and copper coins.Muhammad bin Tughlaq had mastered logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, physical sciences, Persian literature, poetry, calligraphy, fine arts, and music.He established a charity department specifically for the benefit of widows, orphans, and other needy individuals.
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Chapter: 05. Expansion Of The Delhi Sultanate The Khilji And The Tughlaq Dynasties
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