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Chapter: 05. Expansion Of The Delhi Sultanate The Khilji And The Tughlaq Dynasties

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SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

(b) 1290 CE (Jalaluddin Khilji captured the throne of Delhi from the last Mamluk ruler in 1290 CE.)
(a) Malik Kafur (Malik Kafur was a slave bought for 1,000 dinars during the Gujarat campaign who rose to become a general.)
© A market for imported weapons and military armor (The three markets were for food grains; cloth and expensive items; and horses, slaves, and cattle.)
© Ibn Batuta (Ibn Batuta was the Moroccan traveller whose accounts described the court and character of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.)
(b) Babur (Babur invaded India in 1526 CE and defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat.)
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SECTION B: Fill in the Blanks

pious (Jalaluddin Khilji was a mild and pious person.)
dagh / chehra (He introduced the system of branding horses (dagh) and maintaining a descriptive roll of the soldiers (chehra).)
Devagiri (He shifted the capital to Devagiri and renamed it Daulatabad.)
gardens and orchards (Firoz Shah Tughlaq laid out 1,200 gardens and orchards around Delhi.)
Sayyid (Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 CE.)
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SECTION C: True or False Questions

False. Alauddin Khilji did not annex the Deccan after conquering it. His main objective was to acquire wealth from the south, and he forced the rulers to pay an annual tribute.
False. Muhammad bin Tughlaq took no steps to ensure that the minting of coins was a government monopoly, which led to widespread counterfeiting.
True. (To regain the support of the hostile nobles, Firoz Shah reintroduced the iqta system and made it hereditary.)
False. Firoz Shah Tughlaq lacked military leadership qualities; his attempts to recover Bengal failed, and he showed no interest in recovering other lost provinces.
True. (The First Battle of Panipat in 1526 marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the start of Mughal rule.)
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SECTION D: Explanation of Terms

Shahna: An officer appointed to control and monitor each of the three markets set up by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi to ensure fixed prices and honest trading practices.
Token Currency: A currency system introduced by Muhammad bin Tughlaq where brass and copper coins were declared to have the same value as gold and silver coins.
Ulemas: A group of Muslim religious scholars who advised the sultan and influenced judicial and administrative affairs of the state.
Jauhar: A historical Rajput practice where women in the royal palace voluntarily burnt themselves to death to protect their honor when facing imminent defeat by invading forces.
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SECTION E: Complete the Series

Jalaluddin Khilji (or Alauddin Khilji)
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (Firoz Shah Kotla/Firozabad was built by him.)
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Ziauddin Barani was a companion/nadim of Muhammad bin Tughlaq for 17 years.)
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SECTION F: Identify / Differentiate Concepts

Difference: Alauddin Khilji directly annexed conquered territories in North India (such as Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan) and placed them under his control. In contrast, he did not annex the Deccan territories; he allowed local rulers to remain in power as long as they accepted his suzerainty and paid heavy annual tributes.
Difference: Alauddin Khilji was the first sultan to separate religion from politics, refusing to let the ulemas interfere in administrative matters. Firoz Shah Tughlaq, on the other hand, ruled according to the shariah (Islamic code of law) and was heavily advised and influenced by the ulemas to regain their support.
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SECTION G: Short Answer Questions

Alauddin Khilji set up and stocked state warehouses with food grains so that supplies could be released to the public in times of famine or severe food shortages.
If a merchant was caught cheating customers by selling underweight commodities, an amount of flesh equivalent to the deficiency in weight was cut off from the merchant’s body.
The two reasons were: (1) Devagiri’s central location, which made it equidistant from Delhi and other key territories, and (2) it was at a safe distance from repeated Mongol invasions.
Due to the failure of rains, a severe famine broke out. Because tax collectors rigorously demanded the enhanced taxes without mercy, peasants abandoned their lands and fled to the jungles, causing a severe setback to agriculture.
Ziauddin Barani was a prominent political thinker and historian during the Delhi Sultanate. He is best known for composing the historical work Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi.
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SECTION H: Map or Diagram-Based Questions

The monument is the Alai Darwaza, built during the reign of Alauddin Khilji.
It serves as an entrance door to the Qutb Minar complex.
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SECTION I: Long Answer Questions

Alauddin Khilji’s Mongol Defence System:
Fort Repairs: The forts along the route of the Mongol attacks were systematically repaired, and frontier provinces were put under the command of his best military generals.
Army Reorganization: The standing army was reorganized, strengthened, and kept highly disciplined.
Deterrent Punishment: Captured Mongol leaders were executed by being trampled to death by elephants.
Massacre of Rebels: New Mongols (who had embraced Islam and settled in Delhi during Jalaluddin’s reign) were mercilessly massacred to eliminate any internal threat.
Failure of the Token Currency Scheme:
Concept: Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced token copper coins in 1329–30 CE, assigning them the same transactional value as silver and gold coins to tackle a financial crisis.
The Folly: The sultan failed to establish a state monopoly over the minting process. He did not set up check systems to stop private, illegal coin production.
Outcome: Almost every household began minting counterfeit copper coins. Foreign merchants refused to accept them, bringing trade to a standstill. People paid their state taxes using fake copper coins. This collapsed the economic system, forcing the sultan to withdraw the currency and deplete the treasury further by exchanging the fake tokens for genuine silver and gold coins.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s Economic and Welfare Measures:
Taxation Relief: He reduced land taxes in the fertile Doab region, cancelled all agricultural loans issued during the famine, and abolished many unnecessary taxes.
Agricultural Works: He repaired old canals, built new ones, dug hundreds of wells, and constructed dams to boost farming, which made the peasants prosperous.
Public Infrastructure: He built several new towns (like Hisar and Jaunpur), constructed rest houses for travellers, and set up free hospitals for the poor.
Charity and Employment: He established a dedicated charity department for widows, orphans, and the needy, along with an employment bureau to provide jobs for the unemployed. He also created a separate department to care for slaves.
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