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Chapter: 06. Life Under The Delhi Sultanate

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SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

© Aristocracy
(b) Veena and Tanpura
(b) Persian
© Firoz Shah Tughlaq
© Qawwali
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SECTION B: FILL IN THE BLANKS

1526
Kathak
Yunani
sehtar
ulemas
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SECTION C: TRUE OR FALSE

False. The caste system was very rigid among the Hindus during the Sultanate period.
True.
False. The early Turkish rulers were not very interested in painting.
True.
False. The Rajput style of miniature painting continued in the Sultanate period and was influenced by the Persian style.
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SECTION D: EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Qazis: Judicial officials who administered justice according to the Islamic law, in cases that involved Muslims.
Ulemas: Muslim religious scholars and leaders who served as the chief advisers to the sultans.
Sehtar: A Persian word meaning “three strings” (‘seh’ means three and ‘tar’ means strings), which is the origin of the word sitar.
Hindustani Music: A style of North Indian music that emerged as a result of the fusion of Perso-Arabic and Indian classical music styles.
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SECTION E: DIAGRAM-BASED QUESTION

The instrument is the Sitar.
Amir Khusrau is credited with its invention.
Amir Khusrau invented the sitar by combining the south Indian veena with the Persian tanpura. He modified the earlier veena, which had four strings, by taking out one string to create an instrument with three strings.
⁠

SECTION F: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Many lower-class Hindus converted to Islam because they were attracted to the Islamic principles of equality, and some converted to escape the jizya tax, which was imposed only on non-Muslims.
The characteristic features include the extensive use of bricks, arches, domes, beams, balconies, and red sandstone. Monuments were also decorated with floral and geometric designs, along with verses from the Koran engraved on the walls.
Two famous historical poems by Amir Khusrau are Nuh Sipihr (‘The Nine Heavens’) and the Tughlaq-nāmah (‘The Book of Tughlaq’).
The interaction introduced new types of foods, such as biryani and bread, which became an integral part of the Indian cuisine.
The Turkish rulers married Indian Muslims, assimilated many local cultural traits, and gradually became Indianized.
⁠

SECTION G: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Society was divided into four major groups:
Aristocracy: The ruling class consisting of the sultan, nobles, Hindu rajas, princes, and landlords. They held wealth and power, living highly lavish lifestyles.
Priests: Included ulemas, maulvis, qazis, and brahmanas. They held administrative positions, were rich, and the ulemas acted as key advisers to the sultans.
Town Dwellers: Included officials, artisans, craftspeople, merchants, slaves, and domestic servants. Occupations were largely hereditary, and merchants were prosperous.
Peasants: Mainly crop cultivators who lived lives of hard work, drudgery, and poverty, paying land tax which was the chief source of government revenue.
Music and dance showed deep Indo-Islamic fusion:
Music: North Indian or Hindustani music developed from the blending of Perso-Arabic and Indian classical music. New instruments like the sitar (combining veena and tanpura) and tabla (altered south Indian drum) were created. Qawwali, a Persian style of chorus singing, was popularized by Sufi saints.
Dance: The Kathak dance form originated during this period. It blended traditional Hindu themes with Persian costumes.
Sultanate architecture was a blend of Arabic and Persian styles brought by the Turks, harmonized with classical Hindu styles to create the “Indo-Islamic” style. It featured arches, domes, bricks, beams, and balconies. While Turkish structures were plain, they used red sandstone and detailed floral and geometric designs, alongside Koranic verses.
Examples of prominent monuments: Qutb Minar complex, Alai Darwaza, the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Kotla, Tughlaqabad Fort, and the tombs of the Lodi sultans.
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SECTION H: VALUES AND SDG-BASED QUESTION

Reducing social and economic inequalities is essential because when people face discrimination, rigid social barriers (like the historical caste system), or unfair financial burdens (like the jizya tax), it breeds discontent and division. Ensuring equal respect, opportunities, and fair treatment for all members of society, regardless of their background, promotes national unity, peace, and mutual respect, which are vital for a country’s overall development and progress.
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