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Chapter: 03. Birth Of Prophet Muhammad And Spread Of Islam

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Warm Up!

Which community are we referring to?
We are referring to the Muslim community (followers of Islam).
Who was the founder of this religion?
Prophet Muhammad was the founder of this religion.
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Know Your Sources (Page 29)

On whose advice were the scholars committed to the pursuit of knowledge?
The scholars were committed to the pursuit of knowledge on the advice of Prophet Muhammad, who had advised the Arabs to pursue learning.
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HOTS (Page 29)

How do the Five Pillars of Islam help Muslims in their daily life?
The Five Pillars of Islam promote daily discipline, mindfulness, and spiritual focus through regular prayers. They foster empathy, compassion, and community welfare by encouraging fasting during Ramzan and mandatory charity to help the poor and needy.
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Discuss (Page 30)

According to Al Beruni, the Indians rejected Arabic learning and foreign cultural influences. Why do you think people took such a decision? Discuss whether it was a wise decision.
The decision to reject foreign influences likely stemmed from a spirit of exclusiveness and the belief that no other country possessed superior scientific or cultural knowledge. This was not a wise decision, as isolating oneself from external ideas limits growth. In contrast, civilizations like the Arabs thrived by actively absorbing, translating, and assimilating the best ideas and knowledge from around the world.
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Values and Life Skills (Page 30)

If you had to visit a city in a different state and stay there for 5 years, would you embrace the culture of that state? Give reasons for your answer.
Yes, because India is a land of diverse cultures. Embracing the local culture, learning their customs, and absorbing their unique skills and knowledge helps us adapt smoothly, builds mutual respect, and deeply enriches our personal lives.
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Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks.

Prophet Muhammad, the founder of __________, was born in __________ in the year __________.
Islam, Mecca, 570 CE
Muhammad forbade __________ worship and stressed on the importance of __________ and __________ behaviour.
idol, good, kind
The two holy places of the Muslims are __________ and __________.
Mecca, Medina
Muhammad was succeeded by __________, who was known as the Caliph. He transformed the Arabs into an excellent force and inspired them to carry the word of __________ throughout the world.
Abu Bakr, Allah
The first Arab expedition to India took place in __________ under the leadership of __________.
712 CE, Muhammad bin Qasim
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B. Match the following.

Column A
Column B
1. Mecca
(d) pilgrimage
2. Hijri
(e) Muslim calendar
3. Abbasid Caliphs
(a) magnificent Arab civilization
4. Ramzan
(b) fasting
5. Baghdad
© repository of the cultural heritage of the ancient world
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C. Choose the correct answer.

As a young man, Muhammad worked as a trader/farmer/craftsman.
trader
During Muhammad’s time, the Arabs were divided into a number of kingdoms/tribes/empires.
tribes
Muslims must pray four/five/six times a day.
five
The Abbasid Caliphs shifted the Caliphate from Damascus to Medina/Mecca/Baghdad.
Baghdad
The Arab traders established trade settlements on the eastern/western/southern coast of India.
western
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D. State whether the following are true or false. Rewrite the false statements correctly.

The Medieval Period in India stretches from the 8th century CE to the 16th century CE.
False. Correct statement: The Medieval Period in India stretches roughly from the 8th to the mid-18th centuries CE.
Before the rise of Islam, the Arabs practised idol worship.
True
The Arab empire under the Abbasid Caliphs was one of the most powerful and enlightened regions in the world.
True
The occupation of Sind ended with the death of Muhammad bin Qasim.
True
By the 9th century CE, the power of the Caliphs declined.
True
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E. My mixed bag

Identify the odd one out: (a) Abbasid Caliphs, (b) Abu Bakr, © Muhammad bin Qasim, (d) Umayyad Caliphs
© Muhammad bin Qasim (He was an Arab military commander who conquered Sind, whereas the others represent the Caliphs and major ruling Caliphates of the Islamic empire).
Arrange the following historical developments chronologically.
(a) Birth of Prophet Muhammad (570 CE)
(b) Vision of Angel Gabriel (Jibreel) (c. 610 CE)
© Hijrat (move from Mecca to Medina) (622 CE)
(d) Muhammad’s return to Mecca (630 CE)
Read the statements given below and choose the correct option.
(b) (A) and (B) are both true. (The absorption and assimilation of various cultures directly enabled the Abbasid Caliphate to become one of the most powerful and enlightened medieval empires.)
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F. Answer the following questions in one or two words/sentences.

Where was Prophet Muhammad born?
Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, a small town in Arabia.
What important event took place in Muhammad’s life around 610 CE?
Around 610 CE, Muhammad had a vision of Angel Gabriel (Jibreel), who revealed God’s divine message to him, marking the birth of Islam.
What does the term ‘Hijrat’ mean?
‘Hijrat’ refers to the historical migration of Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.
What title did Abu Bakr assume after he succeeded Prophet Muhammad?
Abu Bakr assumed the title of ‘Khalifa’ or ‘Caliph’, which means successor of the Prophet.
Under whose reign did the Arabs achieve the greatest heights of intellectual and cultural excellence?
The Arabs achieved the greatest heights of intellectual and cultural excellence during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphs.
Which Arab city became the preserve of the rich cultural heritage of the ancient world?
Baghdad became the preserve of the rich cultural heritage of the ancient world.
What were the chief items of export and import in India’s trade relations with the Arabs?
India exported muslin, pepper, and indigo to the Arabs, and in return, imported luxury items and fine Arabian horses.
Name any one independent state established by the Turks in Central Asia.
Ghazni (or Ghor).
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G. Give reasons for the following.

Why was House of Wisdom established?
The House of Wisdom was established in Baghdad to serve as a central library and translation institute, translating the collective scientific, philosophical, and cultural works of ancient Greek, Byzantine, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, and Persian civilizations into Arabic.
Why did Al Beruni believe that Indians were not receptive to Arab learning and civilization during the Early Medieval Period?
Al Beruni believed Indians were not receptive because of their spirit of exclusiveness and their strong belief that no other country but their own possessed any true knowledge of science.
Why did Prophet Muhammad shift from Mecca to Medina?
Prophet Muhammad shifted to Medina because his teachings against idol worship and his stress on equality and moral behaviour angered the wealthy and powerful trade-ruling Arabs of Mecca.
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H. Answer the following questions briefly.

State the main principles of Islam.
The main principles of Islam include:
Declaring that there is only one God (Allah) and Muhammad is His Prophet.
Praying five times a day.
Fasting from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramzan.
Helping the poor and needy by giving a portion of wealth in charity.
Making a pilgrimage (Haj) to Mecca at least once in a lifetime.
Leading a life of kindness, good behaviour, and forbidding idol worship.
Discuss the events that followed Prophet Muhammad’s move from Mecca to Medina.
After Muhammad moved to Medina in 622 CE (Hijrat), he was warmly welcomed and built a strong, devoted following over ten years, which included a dedicated army. In 630 CE, he returned victorious to Mecca, forgave his former enemies, and the inhabitants adopted Islam. By the time of his death in 632 CE, the entire Arabian peninsula had converted to Islam.
The greatest intellectual and cultural excellence in the Arab world was seen during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphs. Discuss.
The Abbasid Caliphs shifted their capital to Baghdad, which grew into a prosperous and enlightened hub. Following the Prophet’s advice to pursue learning, they set up the House of Wisdom to compile and translate ancient texts from civilizations across Europe and Asia. The Arabs preserved, improved, and synthesized these ideas, leading to outstanding contributions in science, mathematics, and philosophy.
What knowledge did the Arabs gather from the Indian civilization?
The Arabs gathered and assimilated rich scientific and academic concepts from India, including advanced mathematical theories (such as the decimal system and zero), medicine, astronomy, philosophy, and practical techniques of state administration.
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I. Source-based questions

Picture study: This is a picture of a mosque where Muslims go to pray.

Name (a) their religion (b) their holy book and © the founder of their religion.
(a) Islam, (b) Koran (or Quran), © Prophet Muhammad.
Name the two holy places of the Muslims.
Mecca and Medina.
Why does the Muslim calendar begin from the year 622 CE?
The Muslim calendar (Hijri) begins in 622 CE to mark the ‘Hijrat’, the defining migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.
Mention any four important principles of this religion.
Four principles are:
Belief in one God (Allah) and His Prophet.
Performing prayers five times a day.
Fasting from dawn to dusk during Ramzan.
Giving charity to help the poor and needy.
Briefly describe the role of Abu Bakr in the spread of this religion.
Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad as the first Caliph. He unified the Arab tribes, transformed them into a highly disciplined and inspired fighting force, and launched campaigns that swept across continents to carry the teachings of Islam and conquer vast territories.
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J. Map work

On an outline map of the world, mark and label the following places: (a) Mecca (b) Medina © Damascus (d) Baghdad (e) Cairo

(a) Mecca: Locate on the western side of the Arabian Peninsula (modern-day Saudi Arabia), inland from the Red Sea.
(b) Medina: Locate directly north of Mecca in western Saudi Arabia.
© Damascus: Locate in southwestern Syria, in the Middle East region north of the Arabian Peninsula.
(d) Baghdad: Locate in central Iraq along the banks of the Tigris River.
(e) Cairo: Locate in northeastern Egypt, near the delta of the Nile River in North Africa.
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