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Study Matrix

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Chapter: 03. Kingdom Animalia

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Main Classification: Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

Feature
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Backbone / Vertebral Column
Absent
Present
Internal Skeleton
Absent (no internal bony skeleton)
Present (internal bony skeleton)
True Tail
Absent
Usually present
Limbs
Either absent or may occur as three, four, or many pairs
Possess only two pairs of limbs
Examples
Worms, Snail, Starfish, Cockroach, Butterfly, Mosquito, Spider, Scorpion
Fishes, Frogs, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles, Tortoises, Birds, Mammals (including Monkeys and Humans)
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Comparison of the Eight Invertebrate Phyla

Phylum
Body Structure & Shape
Segmentation & Body Cavity
Locomotory / Excretory Organs
Special Features & Habitat
Examples
Porifera
Pore-bearing body with pores all over
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Large opening at top to expel water. Mainly marine, found attached to the bottom.
Sycon, Spongilla, Euspongia
Coelenterata / Cnidaria
Hollow sac-like body with one opening (mouth)
Not mentioned in text
Tentacles surrounding the mouth for catching food
Aquatic, mostly marine. Free-floating or attached to the bottom.
Hydra, Sea anemone, Jellyfish, Corals
Platyhelminthes
Thin, soft, flattened, ribbon-like body
Divided into many segments; no body cavity
Segments absorb digested food (in tapeworm)
Mostly live as parasites inside host animals.
Liverfluke, Planaria, Blood fluke, Tapeworm
Nemathelminthes / Nematoda
Long, cylindrical, thread-like body
Unsegmented
Not mentioned in text
Live as parasites inside animal and human bodies; cause diseases.
Ascaris, Hookworms, Threadworms
Annelida
Soft and bilaterally symmetrical
Segmented body; possesses a body cavity
Excretion: NephridiaLocomotion: Parapodia or setae
Well-developed alimentary canal. Burrowing habits of earthworms aerate soil.
Earthworm, Leech
Arthropoda
Divided into head, thorax, and abdomen (or fused head and thorax)
Not mentioned in text
Paired and jointed legs
Hard chitinous exoskeleton covers the body.
Prawn, Crab, Housefly, Butterfly, Spider, Scorpion, Centipede, Millipede
Mollusca
Soft-bodied
Unsegmented
Muscular foot for locomotion
Body enclosed in a hard shell. Mainly aquatic (mostly marine).
Octopus, Pond snail, Garden snail, Pearl oyster
Echinodermata
Rough, spiny, and usually star-shaped
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Head and tail are absent.
Starfish, Sea urchin
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Comparison of Worm-like Invertebrate Phyla

Feature
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Nemathelminthes (Roundworms)
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
Body Shape
Thin, soft, flattened, and ribbon-like
Long, cylindrical, and thread-like
Soft and bilaterally symmetrical
Segmentation
Divided into many segments
Unsegmented
Segmented
Body Cavity
Absent
Not mentioned in text
Present
Alimentary Canal
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Well-developed
Locomotory & Excretory Organs
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Excretion: NephridiaLocomotion: Parapodia or setae
Mode of Life
Mostly parasitic inside hosts
Parasitic inside animals and humans
Free-living (e.g., in soil) or parasitic (e.g., leech)
Examples
Liverfluke, Planaria, Tapeworm
Ascaris, Hookworm, Threadworm
Earthworm, Leech
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Classification of Arthropods

Group
Body Division
Legs / Appendages
Wings
Examples
Crustaceans
Head and thorax are fused
Many jointed legs
Not mentioned in text
Prawn, Crab, Shrimp, Lobster
Insects
Divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
Three pairs of legs (6 legs total)
Normally two pairs of wings
Housefly, Butterfly, Mosquito, Cockroach
Arachnids
Head and thorax are fused
Six pairs of appendages (including four pairs of walking legs / 8 legs total)
Absent
Spider, Scorpion, Tick
Myriapods
Long body divided into many segments
Centipedes: One pair of legs per segmentMillipedes: Two pairs of legs per segment
Not mentioned in text
Centipede, Millipede
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Comparison of the Five Vertebrate Classes

Feature
Pisces (Fishes)
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves (Birds)
Mammalia
Habitat
Aquatic (water only)
Land and water
Mainly dry land
Aerial and land
Land, water (whales/dolphins), and air (bats)
Body Covering
Scales
Slimy, slippery skin
Dry skin covered with scales
Feathers
Hair
Body Temperature
Cold-blooded
Cold-blooded
Cold-blooded
Warm-blooded
Warm-blooded
Heart Chambers
Two-chambered
Three-chambered
Three-chambered
Four-chambered
Four-chambered
Respiration
Gills
Lungs (on land), skin (in water), gills (larvae)
Lungs
Not mentioned in text
Not mentioned in text
Reproduction & Development
Fertilisation is external (occurs in water)
Lay eggs in water; fertilisation is external
Lay large, leathery, yolky eggs on land; fertilisation is internal
Lay hard-shelled, yolky eggs
Give birth to young ones (premature in kangaroos); nourish them with milk
Locomotion / Limbs
Swim using fins; streamlined body
Two pairs of limbs
Two pairs of limbs; digits have claws
Wings for flight; feet have claws for perching
Four legs and a tail (or modified)
Unique Characteristics
Not mentioned in text
Larvae live in water; adults can live on land
Body temperature changes with environmental temperature
Horny beak; jaws have no teeth
Milk-producing mammary glands; external projecting ears
Examples
Catla, Shark, Seahorse, Rohu
Frog, Salamander, Toad
Snake, Crocodile, Lizard, Tortoise
Pigeon, Sparrow, Peacock, Parrot, Owl
Elephant, Giraffe, Kangaroo, Bat, Tiger, Human
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⁠

Specific Class Comparisons

Pisces (Fishes) vs. Amphibians
Point of Comparison
Pisces (Fishes)
Amphibians
Primary Habitat
Strictly aquatic (lives only in water)
Can live both in water and on land
Body Covering
Streamlined body with scales
Slimy, slippery skin
Heart Chambers
Two-chambered
Three-chambered
Respiration
Breathe through gills
Breathe through lungs (on land), skin (in water), and gills (larvae)
Examples
Catla, Shark, Seahorse, Rohu
Frog, Salamander, Toad
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Amphibians (e.g., Frog) vs. Reptiles (e.g., Lizard)
Point of Comparison
Amphibians (Frog)
Reptiles (Lizard)
Skin Texture
Slimy and slippery
Dry and covered with scales
Breeding & Egg-Laying Site
Return to waterbodies to lay eggs
Lay eggs on dry land
Egg Characteristics
Not mentioned in text
Large, leathery, and yolky eggs
Fertilisation
External (occurs outside the female body in water)
Internal (fertilised inside the female body)
Examples
Frog, Toad, Salamander
Snake, Crocodile, Lizard, Tortoise
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Birds (Aves) vs. Bats (Mammalia)
Point of Comparison
Birds (Aves)
Bats (Mammalia)
Taxonomic Class
Aves
Mammalia
Body Covering
Feathers
Hair
Ear Structure
Not mentioned in text
Projecting external ears
Mouth / Jaws
Horny beak with no teeth
Not mentioned in text
Reproduction & Offspring Care
Lay hard-shelled, yolky eggs
Give birth to young ones and nourish them with milk from mammary glands
Examples
Pigeon, Sparrow, Peacock, Parrot
Bat
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Comparison of Thermoregulation: Cold-blooded vs. Warm-blooded Animals

Feature
Cold-blooded Animals
Warm-blooded Animals
Body Temperature
Changes with changes in the environmental temperature
Remains constant (same in summer and winter)
Vertebrate Classes
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia
Aves, Mammalia
Examples
Fishes, Frogs, Lizards, Snakes
Birds, Elephant, Giraffe, Kangaroo, Humans
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