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Chapter: 04. The Turkish Invasion And The Establishment Of The Delhi Sultanate

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SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions

(b) 1001–1025 CE
© Firdausi
(a) Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj
(b) Qutbuddin Aibak
© Ghiyasuddin Balban
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SECTION B: Fill in the Blanks

Turks
burnt himself to death
Qutbuddin Aibak
iqtas
Altunia
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SECTION C: True or False

False. Mahmud of Ghazni did not want to establish an Indian empire; his interest lay in plundering riches to fund his territorial expansion in Central Asia.
True.
True.
True.
False. Balban never left his capital to conquer new territories because he wanted to defend the kingdom against the threat of a Mongol invasion.
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SECTION D: Explanation of Terms

Muezzin: A man who calls Muslims to daily prayers, traditionally from the minaret/tower of a mosque (such as the Qutb Minar).
Iqtadar: An officer or noble who administered an “iqta” (province). They were responsible for collecting land revenue and maintaining law and order in their region.
Divine Kingship: The political theory believed by Balban which states that the king is God’s representative on Earth, making his authority absolute and unquestionable.
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SECTION E: Short Answer Questions

Temple towns in north India were not merely religious centers but also served as treasure houses containing fabulous accumulated riches, which strongly attracted Mahmud of Ghazni.
The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain marked the end of Rajput rule in north India and passed the kingdom of Delhi into the hands of Muslim rulers.
It is called the Mamluk (or Slave) dynasty because its founder, Qutbuddin Aibak, was a former slave of Muhammad Ghori who rose to the position of army general and ruler through his own merit.
The conservative Turkish nobles highly resented the idea of being ruled by a woman. They were displeased by her independent actions, such as sitting in open court, dressing like a man, and leading armies.
The two prominent scholars were the Persian poet Firdausi (author of Shahnama) and the Persian historian and mathematician Al Beruni.
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SECTION F: Diagram-Based Question

The historical figure is Muhammad Ghori.
He fought against the Rajput ruler Prithviraj Chauhan.
In the First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE), Muhammad Ghori suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Prithviraj Chauhan.
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SECTION G: Long Answer Questions

Iltutmish is considered the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate because:
He consolidated and stabilized the loosely-knit territories left behind by Ghori and Qutbuddin Aibak.
He successfully suppressed the revolting Turkish nobles and crushed the rebellion of the Khilji governor of Bengal.
He saved the Sultanate from a devastating Mongol invasion by shrewdly denying refuge to the Shah of Persia.
He defeated the powerful Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa, and Gwalior, extending his control up to the Narmada River.
He reorganized the administration by introducing the iqta system, and was the first to mint official gold and silver coins.
He received formal recognition as the sovereign of India from the Caliph of Baghdad.
Ghiyasuddin Balban maintained stability and security through these measures:
Absolute Monarchy: He made the crown all-powerful and strictly suppressed ambitious Turkish nobles. He introduced strict court customs like kneeling and touching the ground to show respect.
Military Strength: He reorganized the army, reinforced the infantry and cavalry, and set up strategic military forts.
Law and Order: He established an extensive spy system and ruthlessly crushed bands of robbers who created disorder.
Crushing Rebellions: When the governor of Bengal, Tughril Khan, revolted, Balban personally marched there and executed him along with his supporters.
Defense Against Mongols: To defend against the Mongols, he refused to leave his capital for expansion, appointed his sons as governors of the frontier, built and repaired border forts, and kept his army in continuous readiness.
The causes of the swift defeat of the Rajputs by the Turkish invaders were:
Lack of Unity: North India was divided into several rival kingdoms. The Rajput rulers were deeply absorbed in mutual rivalries and failed to cooperate.
Refusal to Cooperate: Even during grave foreign threats, key rulers failed to unite. For example, Raja Jaichandra of Kanauj refused to assist Prithviraj Chauhan in the critical Second Battle of Tarain.
Failure to Understand the Gravity: The Rajputs failed to realize the military strength and long-term intentions of the Turkish invaders, allowing them to breach the frontier defenses of India step-by-step.
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