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CNMS ICSE - 7 Std
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Chapter: 07. Nervous System

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What are the two coordinating systems evolved by multicellular organisms to regulate body activities?
The two coordinating systems are the nervous system, which exercises neural control through electrochemical impulses, and the endocrine system, which exercises chemical control through hormones.
Define response in the context of the nervous system.
A response is the reaction or behavior shown by a living organism as a result of an external or internal stimulus.
What is the sequential pathway of a nerve impulse from stimulus to response?
The pathway of a nerve impulse is: Stimulus → Sense Organ → Central Nervous System → Effector Organ → Response.
Name the five sense organs through which the nervous system receives environmental stimuli.
The five sense organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
Identify the three main structural parts of a neuron.
The three main parts of a neuron are the cell body (cyton), the branching dendrons (with dendrites), and the long single extension called the axon.
What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses.
How does a nerve impulse pass through a synapse to the adjacent neuron?
The nerve impulse passes across the synapse as a chemical message released from the terminal branches of the axon to the dendrites of the adjacent neuron.
What is a nerve?
A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres (axons) wrapped together in a protective sheath of connective tissue.
What is the difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves?
Sensory nerves bring impulses from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, while motor nerves carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
What is the role of interneurons in the mechanism of nervous coordination?
Interneurons in the brain or spinal cord interpret incoming sensory impulses and convert them into outgoing motor impulses.
Name the two major divisions of the human nervous system.
The human nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
What bony structure protects the human brain?
The brain is enclosed and protected by a bony brain case known as the cranium or skull.
Why are the folds and grooves in the cerebral hemispheres beneficial?
The folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci) increase the surface area of the gray matter, allowing it to accommodate a large number of neurons.
List three major mental faculties controlled by the cerebrum.
The cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, consciousness, and will power, and it controls reasoning, thinking, learning, and memorising.
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements of the body, controls voluntary muscles, and maintains body balance during physical activities.
Why can an injury to the medulla oblongata result in sudden death?
An injury to the medulla oblongata can cause death because it coordinates vital, life-sustaining involuntary activities such as heartbeat and breathing movements.
How does the structural arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord compare to that of the brain?
In the spinal cord, the gray matter is centrally located in an H-shape with white matter on the outside, which is the exact reverse of the brain’s arrangement where gray matter is on the outside and white matter is inside.
Where do spinal nerves arise from, and what type of nerves are they?
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord, supply different parts of the body excluding the head, and are all of the mixed type.
What is the primary role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
The Autonomic Nervous System controls the involuntary actions of visceral organs and the activities of smooth muscles in the alimentary canal and blood vessels.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ in their overall effect on body organs?
The sympathetic nervous system has a stimulatory effect that prepares the body for violent action during adverse situations, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system has an inhibitory or calming effect that brings body activities back to normal.
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