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The treaty kept Jerusalem under Muslim control but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to freely visit the city.The capital of the eastern Roman empire, known as Byzantium, was Constantinople.These handwritten books are a highly useful source of knowledge regarding the ancient and medieval civilizations of Europe.The Medieval Period in Europe spanned about 900 to 1,000 years, lasting from the early 7th century CE to the early 16th century CE.The duties of the priests or clergy were to preach, perform religious rites, and help the poor and needy.The Pope appealed to Christians to join the Crusades to fight the Turks and recover Jerusalem, which was the holy land of the Christians.The term secular means not being connected with spiritual or religious matters.The Goths, the Vandals, and the Franks were the Germanic tribes responsible for the repeated raids on the Roman empire.Following the partition, the ruins of Takshashila are located in present-day Pakistan.The Crusades re-established direct trade contacts with the East, which led to a demand for luxury items and helped the European economy flourish.Architecture, mural painting, woodcarving, and stained glass painting developed and flourished inside the medieval monasteries.The conversion of a king or a feudal lord was usually followed by a mass conversion of his subjects to Christianity.Philip II of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I led the Third Crusade alongside King Richard I of England.It took Michelangelo four years to complete the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel.Christianity and the Roman Church served as the primary unifying factors in Western Europe after its political unity ended.Monks and nuns lived in remote, isolated monasteries and convents under a rigid code of conduct, whereas regular priests lived among the common people.The Crusaders learned the use of gunpowder and guns from the Turks, which made the services of armored knights obsolete.Feudalism was a form of government based on landholding, where the king granted land to lords in exchange for military support.Secular subjects such as history, philosophy, medicine, law, and astrology were taught at these universities.According to the Ramayana, Taxila was founded by Bharata, the younger brother of Rama.The cultivation of medicinal herbs in monastery gardens created a renewed, practical interest in botany.
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Chapter: 02. Spread Of Christianity
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