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Chapter: 01. Rise Of Christianity
The Medieval Period: India vs. Europe
Region
Time Span / Duration
Subdivisions Mentioned in Text
India
Roughly from the 8th to the mid-18th century CE
• Early Medieval Period• Later Medieval Period
Europe
Roughly from about 600 CE to around 1500 CE
Not mentioned in text
Subdivisions of the Indian Medieval Period
Period
Duration
Key Phases / Subdivisions
Early Medieval Period
8th–13th century CE
Not mentioned in text
Later Medieval Period
13th–mid-18th century CE
• Delhi Sultanate phase• Mughal dynasty phase
Phases of the Later Medieval Period in India
Phase
Duration
Delhi Sultanate Phase
1200–1526 CE
Mughal Dynasty Phase
1526–mid-18th century CE
Ideological Approaches: Jesus vs. Jewish Religious Leaders
Point of Comparison
Jesus Christ
Jewish Religious Leaders (Pharisees)
Interpretation of Laws
Interpreted laws in spirit and according to his own understanding.
Followed the scriptures literally, and not in spirit.
Adherence to Tradition
Realized certain traditions violated the Law of Moses; rejected the “eye for an eye” principle.
Followed traditions and practices that violated the Law of Moses.
Core Focus
Unconditional love for God, love for neighbours, compassion, and forgiveness.
Maintaining traditional authority; became hostile when threatened by Jesus’s popularity.
Retaliatory Principles: Jesus’s Teachings vs. Hammurabi’s Code
Code / Teaching
Region of Origin
Retaliatory Principle
Jesus’s Code of Conduct
Palestine
Completely rejected the “eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” principle in favour of love and forgiveness.
Hammurabi’s Code of Law
Ancient Mesopotamia
Based on the “eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” principle.
Key Proponents of Christianity: Peter vs. Paul
Point of Comparison
Peter
Paul
Original Background
Fisherman; received the name Cephas (meaning “a rock”) from Jesus.
Convert to Christianity.
Active Regions
Spread teachings actively in Palestine; later crucified in Rome.
Travelled extensively throughout the Roman empire.
Key Contributions
• Described as the “foundation rock” of Christianity.• Recognized as the leader of the 12 disciples.• Acknowledged by the Roman Catholic Church as the first Pope.
• Became a powerful and enthusiastic exponent of Christianity.• Prepared the grounds to transform Christianity into a world religion.
Death
Crucified in Rome in 64 CE under Emperor Nero’s rule.
Not mentioned in text
Roman Rulers and Governors: Actions and Impact on Palestine/Christianity
Ruler
Time Period / Key Dates
Role and Key Actions
Impact on Jews / Christians
Herod
1st century BCE (died in 4 BCE)
Puppet ruler of Palestine appointed by the Romans.
Jews suffered grave injustice and oppression under his rule.
Pontius Pilate
1st century CE
Roman governor of Palestine who put Jesus on trial.
Sentenced Jesus to death by crucifixion.
Nero
1st century CE (specifically 64 CE)
Roman emperor.
Ordered the crucifixion of Peter in Rome.
Constantine
Early 4th century CE (specifically 313 CE)
Roman emperor who defeated rival Maxentius and declared himself Christian.
• Made Christianity a legal religion.• Ended the persecution of Christians.• Shifted the capital to Constantinople.
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