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Chapter: 09. Akbar
Major Battles of Akbar’s Reign
Point of Comparison
Second Battle of Panipat
Battle of Haldighati
Year
1556 CE
1576 CE
Opposing Leader / Forces
Hemu (chief minister and general of Adil Shah)
Rana Pratap Singh (forces of Mewar)
Mughal Commander / Leader
Bairam Khan (Akbar’s regent)
Raja Man Singh of Amber (Rajput chief)
Outcome and Significance
• Hemu was defeated and killed.• Crushed Afghan power.• Removed the threat to Akbar’s throne.
• The Rajputs were outnumbered and defeated.• Rana Pratap took shelter in a mountain fortress and continued recovering territory (excluding Chittor).
Central Administration: Officers and Ministers
Officer / Minister
Main Department / Role
Level of Authority under Akbar
Wazir (or Diwan)
Head of the revenue department
Appointed, promoted, and dismissed solely by the emperor.
Mir Bakshi
Head of the military department and the paymaster of all mansabdars
Appointed, promoted, and dismissed solely by the emperor.
Chief Sadr (or Qazi)
Chief judge
Appointed, promoted, and dismissed solely by the emperor.
Mir Saman
Supervisor of the royal household
Appointed, promoted, and dismissed solely by the emperor.
Vakil (Prime Minister)
Advisory, ceremonial head
Did not exercise any effective authority; position was highly reduced by Akbar.
Audience Halls of the Emperor
Point of Comparison
Diwan-i-Khas
Diwan-i-Aam
Meaning of Name
Private audience hall
Common audience hall
Primary Purpose
Regular meetings with senior officers
Meeting subjects, receiving petitions, listening to problems, and solving cases on the spot
Key Attendees
Senior officers and ministers
The general public/subjects of the empire
Levels of Provincial Administration
Administrative Unit
Scale / Position in Hierarchy
Governing Authority / Officials
Key Administrative Functions
Province (Suba)
First-level division of the empire (15 subas total)
Governed by a Subedar (governor) and a Diwan
• Subedar: Controls both military and civil affairs.• Diwan: Keeps records of the land revenue.• Both officials kept a check on each other.
District (Sarkar)
Subdivision of a province
Team of government officials
Managing district affairs and reporting to the official immediately above
Pargana
Subdivision of a district
Team of government officials
Managing smaller unit affairs and reporting to the official immediately above
Village
Lowest administrative unit
Village Panchayat
Looking after village-level affairs
Mewar Rajput Leaders in Conflict with Akbar
Point of Comparison
Rana Udai Singh
Rana Pratap Singh
Identity and Status
Ruler of Mewar and head of the Rajput clans
Valiant son of Udai Singh
Capital City
Chittor (initially); built Udaipur in the hills after escaping
Udaipur
Nature of Conflict
• Rejected Akbar’s proposals of matrimonial alliance and submission.• Escaped to the hills when Akbar marched on Chittor, leaving the defense to Jai Mal.
• Organised an army to carry on the struggle against the Mughals after his father’s death.• Clashed directly with Mughal forces in the Battle of Haldighati.
Territorial Outcome
• Lost the capital city of Chittor.• Fort’s defense collapsed after commander Jai Mal was killed.
• Defeated in battle but took shelter in a mountain fortress.• Recovered parts of his territories before his death, but was unable to recover Chittor.
Religious Initiatives: Ibadat Khana vs. Din-i-Ilahi
Point of Comparison
Ibadat Khana
Din-i-Ilahi
Nature
A physical hall of prayer
A new religious order / divine faith
Year Established
1575 CE
1582 CE
Location / Base
Fatehpur Sikri (Akbar’s capital)
Mughal court and empire
Objective / Features
• Held discussions on religious matters.• Assembled scholars, philosophers, priests, and missionaries from major religions (Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity).
• A code of moral conduct combining ideas of major religions.• Focus on belief in one God and universal brotherhood.• Had no sacred books, priestly classes, places of worship, or rituals.• Akbar never forced conversions.
Status After Akbar’s Death
Not mentioned in text
Came to an end with Akbar’s death
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