Skip to content
Composition: An adult human has 206 bones. Babies are born with around 300, which later fuse together.Definition: The skeleton is the internal framework of bones in the body.Major Functions:Protection: Shields vital internal organs like the brain (skull), heart, and lungs (rib cage).Movement: Provides a structure for muscles to attach to, enabling movement.Shape & Support: Gives the body its shape, strength, and rigidity, preventing it from collapsing.Structure: Hard and tough on the outside, soft and spongy on the inside.Bone Marrow: A jelly-like substance inside bones that produces red and white blood cells.Characteristics: Bones are hollow, making them lightweight yet incredibly strong. Their size determines a person's height. Bone growth typically stops around age 25.Fracture: A break or crack in a bone, often treated with a plaster cast to hold the bone in place while it heals.The Skull: Protects the brain, eyes, and inner ears. Composed of hard, flat bones locked together. The only movable part is the lower jaw (for eating and talking).The Vertebral Column (Spine): A flexible column of 33 ring-shaped bones called vertebrae. It protects the spinal cord, which transmits signals between the brain and the body. Animals with a spine are vertebrates; those without are invertebrates.Rib Cage: 12 pairs of thin, curved bones protecting the heart and lungs. Most are attached to the spine (back) and breastbone (front). The last two pairs, the floating ribs, are only attached to the spine.Arms and Legs (Limbs):Arms: Upper arm bone (humerus) and two lower arm bones.Legs: Upper leg bone (femur - the longest bone in the body), shinbone, and calf bone.Definition: Places where two or more bones meet. They allow the skeleton to be flexible.Types of Joints:Immovable Joints: Do not allow any movement (e.g., joints in the skull).Movable Joints: Allow various types of movement.Ball-and-Socket Joint: Allows movement in all directions (e.g., hip, shoulder).Hinge Joint: Allows back-and-forth movement in one direction, like a door hinge (e.g., knees, elbows, fingers).Pivot Joint: Allows rotation (e.g., where the skull meets the spine, allowing the head to turn).Gliding Joint: Allows bones to slide over one another (e.g., wrists, ankles).Function: Muscles are attached to bones and work by pulling on them to cause movement. They cannot push.Working in Pairs: Since muscles only pull, they work in pairs to move a bone in opposite directions (e.g., biceps and triceps in the arm).Types of Muscles:Voluntary Muscles: Muscles you can consciously control (e.g., muscles in your legs and arms).Involuntary Muscles: Muscles that work automatically without your control (e.g., muscles in the stomach, heart).Cardiac Muscle: A special, tough involuntary muscle found only in the heart.Diet: Eat foods rich in proteins and calcium (dairy, eggs, pulses, bananas) for strong bones and muscles.Exercise: Regular physical activity and outdoor games keep muscles strong and healthy.Posture: The way you hold your body while sitting, standing, or walking.Good Posture: Sit with a straight back, feet on the floor. Stand tall.Importance: Correct posture prevents pain in the neck, back, and shoulders.
Skeleton: The framework of bones that supports and protects the body.Bone Marrow: The soft, jelly-like substance inside bones where blood cells are made.Vertebrae: The series of small, ring-shaped bones that form the backbone (spine).Joint: The location where two bones connect, allowing for movement.Posture: The position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting.
Definition: A diet containing all necessary nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, roughage) in the correct amounts.Components & Functions:Carbohydrates: Main source of energy (e.g., rice, bread, potatoes).Fats: Provide energy; stored in the body (e.g., butter, oil, ghee).Proteins: "Building blocks" of the body; help in growth and repair of cells (e.g., meat, eggs, milk, pulses).Vitamins & Minerals: Needed in small amounts to fight diseases and stay healthy (e.g., fruits, vegetables).Water: Aids digestion, excretion, and keeps the body cool.Roughage (Fiber): Helps in bowel movement and prevents constipation (e.g., salads, whole grains).Characteristics: High in salt, sugar, and fat, but low in nutritional value and fiber.Examples: Chips, sugary drinks, cakes, deep-fried snacks.Negative Effects: Leads to tiredness, frequent illness, obesity, and increases the risk of diabetes and heart disease.Cause: Caused by unhealthy food habits and lack of physical activity.Types:Obesity: Excessive body weight due to fat accumulation. Symptoms include tiredness and shortness of breath.Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): The force of blood against artery walls is too high. Can damage the heart, kidneys, and brain.Diabetes: High blood sugar levels, caused by the body's inability to produce or use insulin effectively.Anaemia: A condition where the blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells, often caused by iron deficiency. Symptoms include pale skin, tiredness, and breathlessness.Cause: Caused by the lack of a specific nutrient in the diet over a long period.Common Diseases:Night Blindness: Lack of Vitamin A. Difficulty seeing in dim light.Beriberi: Lack of Vitamin B. Causes fatigue and weakness.Scurvy: Lack of Vitamin C. Leads to swollen and bleeding gums.Rickets: Lack of Vitamin D. Causes soft, weak bones in children (bow legs).Goitre: Lack of Iodine. Causes swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck.Kwashiorkor & Marasmus: Caused by severe protein (and sometimes carbohydrate) deficiency, leading to stunted growth and weakness.Definition: The process of adding a poor-quality substance (adulterant) to food to increase quantity or appearance, which reduces its nutritional value.Examples: Mixing water in milk, dried papaya seeds in black pepper, brick powder in chili powder.Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.Choose steamed, roasted, or baked food over fried food.Exercise regularly.Get adequate sleep.Include sprouts and fermented foods (like curd, idli) in your diet.
Balanced Diet: A diet with all nutrients in the right proportions.Junk Food: Food with low nutritional value, high in fat, sugar, and salt.Lifestyle Disease: A disease linked to the way a person lives, including their diet and physical activity.Diabetes: A disease characterized by high blood sugar levels.Anaemia: A blood disorder caused by iron deficiency, leading to a lack of healthy red blood cells.Deficiency Disease: A disease caused by the lack of an essential nutrient.
A typical flower has four main parts or whorls.Sepals (Calyx): The green, leaf-like outermost part. Protects the flower when it is a bud.Petals (Corolla): Often brightly colored and scented to attract insects and other pollinators. They may produce a sweet juice called nectar.Stamen (Androecium - Male Part):Anther: A sac-like structure at the top that produces tiny, yellowish pollen grains.Filament: A slender stalk that holds up the anther.Pistil (Gynoecium - Female Part):Stigma: The sticky tip that catches and holds pollen grains.Style: A tube-like stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary.Ovary: The swollen base that contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization. The ovary itself matures into the fruit.Bisexual Flower: Contains BOTH male (stamens) and female (pistil) reproductive parts in the same flower (e.g., hibiscus, lily, rose).Unisexual Flower: Contains EITHER only male parts OR only female parts, but not both (e.g., papaya, cucumber, pumpkin).Definition: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. This is essential for plant reproduction and fruit/seed production.Pollinators: Agents that help transfer pollen. These include insects (bees, butterflies), birds, bats, wind, and water.Self-Pollination:Process: Pollen from a flower's anther lands on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.Common in: Bisexual flowers (e.g., peas, tomatoes).Cross-Pollination:Process: Pollen from the anther of a flower on one plant lands on the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.Necessary for: Unisexual plants to reproduce. Also common in many bisexual plants (e.g., apples, tulips).Benefit: Tends to produce stronger and more diverse offspring.
Androecium: The collective term for the male reproductive parts (stamens) of a flower.Gynoecium: The collective term for the female reproductive parts (pistils) of a flower.Unisexual Flower: A flower containing either stamens or a pistil, but not both.Bisexual Flower: A flower containing both stamens and a pistil.Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.Pollinators: Agents like insects, birds, or wind that carry out pollination.
Fertilization:After pollination, a pollen grain on the stigma grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary.The male gamete (reproductive cell) travels down the tube and fuses with the female gamete inside an ovule.This fusion is called fertilization and forms a zygote.Formation of Fruit and Seed:After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo (baby plant).The ovule develops into the seed.The ovary swells and develops into the fruit, which protects the seed(s).Definition: The process of scattering seeds over a wide area, away from the parent plant, to reduce competition for sunlight, water, and nutrients.Methods of Dispersal:By Air/Wind: For light, small seeds, often with wings or fine hairs (e.g., dandelion, milkweed).By Animals: Seeds are eaten and passed through an animal's digestive system, or they have hooks/spines that stick to fur (e.g., burrs, fruits like berries).By Water: For plants near water; fruits are waterproof and can float (e.g., coconut, lotus).By Explosion: Fruits dry out and burst open, shooting the seeds out (e.g., peas, beans, ladies' finger).Definition: The process where a seed develops into a young plant (seedling).Conditions Needed: A seed requires adequate water, air (oxygen), and warmth to germinate.Parts of a Seed:Seed Coat: The protective outer layer.Embryo: The tiny baby plant inside.Cotyledons: Seed leaves that store food for the embryo.Process: The seed absorbs water, the seed coat splits, and the embryo's root grows downwards while the shoot grows upwards.Definition: Reproduction without seeds or flowers, using vegetative parts of the parent plant. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent.Methods:From Roots: New plants grow from modified roots (e.g., carrot, sweet potato, dahlia).From Stems: New plants grow from underground stems or buds on stems (e.g., potato 'eyes', ginger, onion).From Leaves: New plantlets grow from buds on the edges of leaves (e.g., Bryophyllum, Begonia).
Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.Zygote: The fertilized cell that develops into an embryo.Seed Dispersal: The scattering of seeds over a wide area.Germination: The process of a seed sprouting and growing into a seedling.Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes.Vegetative Propagation: A type of asexual reproduction where new plants grow from parts like roots, stems, or leaves.
Definition: Sound is a form of energy that travels to our ears as waves.Production: Sound is produced when something vibrates.Vibration: A rapid back-and-forth movement.Sources: Both living (animals, humans) and non-living things (machines, instruments) produce sound.Pleasant Sound: A sound that makes us feel happy or relaxed (e.g., music, chirping of birds).Unpleasant Sound (Noise): A sound that makes us feel uncomfortable or irritated (e.g., continuous honking, construction work, loud machinery).Purpose: To alert people of danger or emergencies.Characteristics: Usually very loud so they can be heard easily from a distance.Examples:Sirens: Used by ambulances, fire engines, and police vans to clear a path.Fire Alarms: Installed in buildings to warn of smoke or fire.Definition: Exposure to excessive, continuous, and unpleasant sound (noise) that is harmful to health and the environment.Causes:Loudspeakers and loud music.Traffic and vehicle honking.Aeroplanes flying overhead.Factory machines.Noisy electrical appliances.Harmful Effects:Health: Can damage eardrums, impair hearing, cause headaches, increase blood pressure, and make people irritable.Well-being: Disturbs sleep and affects concentration.Environment: Makes animals uncomfortable and can even damage structures like windowpanes.Lower the volume of TVs, radios, and music players.Turn off appliances when not in use.Avoid using loudspeakers and bursting loud firecrackers.Fix noisy appliances.Use sound-absorbing materials like heavy curtains and carpets at home.Plant more trees and shrubs: They act as natural sound barriers, muffling noise.
Sound: A form of energy that travels as waves, created by vibrations.Vibration: A rapid to-and-fro movement that produces sound.Noise: An unpleasant, loud, or disruptive sound.Noise Pollution: The presence of excessive and harmful noise in the environment.Siren: A loud sound-making device used as a warning signal.
5th Grade - Demo
- Pages
Share
Explore
Science
Prepared by: learnloophq@gmail.com
Last edited 130 days ago by Learn LoopHQ.
The Skeletal System
Core Concepts
This chapter covers the framework of the human body—the skeleton. It details its major parts, the function of bones, how movement is achieved through joints and muscles, and the importance of maintaining good posture and health for this system.
Detailed Point-wise Notes
1. The Human Skeleton
2. Bones
3. Parts of the Human Skeleton
4. Joints
5. Muscles
6. Health and Care
Key Terminology
Food and Health
Core Concepts
This chapter explains the importance of a balanced diet for good health. It identifies the main components of food, distinguishes between healthy and junk food, and discusses diseases caused by poor diet and lifestyle, as well as those caused by nutrient deficiencies.
Detailed Point-wise Notes
1. Balanced Diet
2. Junk Food
3. Lifestyle Diseases
4. Deficiency Diseases
5. Food Adulteration
6. Prevention & Healthy Habits
Key Terminology
Pollination
Core Concepts
This chapter focuses on the flower as the reproductive part of a plant. It breaks down the different parts of a flower and explains pollination—the crucial first step in plant sexual reproduction, including its types and the agents that facilitate it.
Detailed Point-wise Notes
1. Parts of a Flower
2. Types of Flowers
3. Pollination
4. Ways of Pollination
Key Terminology
How Do Plants Reproduce?
Core Concepts
Building on the previous chapter, this lesson explores the complete life cycle of flowering plants, from fertilization to seed dispersal and germination. It also introduces asexual reproduction, where plants can create new individuals without flowers or seeds.
Detailed Point-wise Notes
1. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
2. Dispersal of Seeds
3. Seed Germination
4. Asexual Reproduction (Vegetative Propagation)
Key Terminology
Sound and Noise
Core Concepts
This chapter introduces the concept of sound as a form of energy created by vibrations. It differentiates between pleasant sounds and unpleasant noise, explains the use of sound as a warning, and details the causes, effects, and solutions for noise pollution.
Detailed Point-wise Notes
1. What is Sound?
2. Pleasant and Unpleasant Sounds
3. Warning Sounds
4. Noise Pollution
5. Ways to Reduce Noise Pollution
Key Terminology
Want to print your doc?
This is not the way.
This is not the way.
Try clicking the ··· in the right corner or using a keyboard shortcut (
CtrlP
) instead.