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K for acids
K_a: tells you the strength of the acidstrong: dissociates completely (~100%)K_a is infinite (division by ~0)weak: dissociates partiallyK_a is smallamphoteric: can be an acid or a base (e.g. water)
pure water: when [H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻]find concentration of pure water
autoionization: when one water reacts with another waterchange value of K by changing temperatureK_w differs at different temperatures
for an acid 
0 to 147: pure< 7: acid> 7: base
for an acid0 to 147: pure< 7: base> 7: acidopposite for a basepH + pOH = 14example: what is the pH of an acid with concentration 0.001 M?
titration: experiment to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base
known acid/base goes into the buretteunknown acid/base goes into the flaskstopcockperpendicular: closedparallel: openindicatorchanges color at specific pHlocated in flask with unknown
pH based on the amount of known substanceequivalence point: where molarities of acids and bases are equal
a: acidb: base
K_b: tells you the strength of the basestrong: dissociates completely (~100%)K_a is infinite (division by ~0)weak: dissociates partiallyK_a is small
half-equivalence point (halfway to the equivalence point): 
strongacid: 
base: 
weakget the concentration of [H₃O⁺] or [OH⁻] from K_a or K_bfind pH using formulaexample (acid):
find concentration of H⁺
x will be very small so due to significant figures you can use x^2/1 instead of x^2/(1-x)
simpler way
percent dissociation: 
example: add NaF to ; what happens to pHadd to the right → shifts leftpH goes up because fewer H⁺ so more basic
polyprotic acid: acid with more than one H in the formulamany + proton + acidexample: H₃PO₄
as you go through the steps it becomes harder to remove Hstrong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄ (polyprotic), HClO₄, HNO₃H₂SO₄K_a_1: infiniteK_a_2: weak
an acid is stronger if:it has more oxygenit has a higher electronegativitypulls electrons away from the H which makes the H fall offbase: opposite of acids (stronger if fewer oxygens, lower electronegativity)because conjugate acid/base
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14. Acids and bases
Acids and bases
acid
base
sour
bitter
H
OH
donates H⁺ (proton)
accepts H⁺ (proton)
There are no rows in this table
K_a and K_w
pH and pOH
Titrations
acid
base
equivalence point
strong
strong
7
weak
strong
> 7
strong
weak
< 7
weak
weak
depends
There are no rows in this table
K_b
pH for acids and bases
HF
H⁺
F⁻
initial
1.00 M
0.00 M
0.00 M
change
- x
+ x
+ x
equilibrium
1.00 - x
0 + x
0 + x
There are no rows in this table
Polyprotic acids
Structures of acids and bases
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