AP Chemistry

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11. Properties of solutions

Solubility

solute: what is dissolved

solvent: what does the dissolving

creating a solution (soln)

ΔH₁: break apart the solute (break bonds → add energy → positive)

ΔH₂: break apart the solvent (break bonds → add energy → positive)

ΔH₃: create solution (make bonds → release energy → negative)

⁠

Factors affecting solubility

ΔH₁ (positive)

ΔH₂ (positive)

ΔH₃ (negative)

ΔHₛₒₗₙ

solution?

solute: polar solvent: polar

large

small

yes

solute: nonpolar solvent: polar

small

large

small

large

solute: polar solvent: nonpolar

large

small

large

solute: nonpolar solvent: nonpolar

small

yes

There are no rows in this table

⁠

like dissolves like

polar dissolves polar

nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

ionic compounds

e.g. H₂O + NaCl

polar-ionic bond

⁠

help solutes dissolve in solvents by:

mixing

changing temperature (usually increasing)

increasing surface area

gas solute in liquid solvent:

increasing pressure

decreasing temperature

Alcohol

drinkable alcohol: ethanol

⁠

ethanol is polar so it mixes with water

proof: 2 times the percent ethanol in water

Separating solutions

distillation: separate liquids by boiling

must have different boiling points

flatlines of graphs are boiling points

higher line has stronger bonds

chromatography: separate liquids by polarity

paper chromatography

⁠

figure out whether something is polar or nonpolar

find identity of solute

cannot remove solution from paper

column chromatography

⁠

either polar or nonpolar beads

separates solution into parts

Solubility

Factors affecting solubility

Alcohol

Separating solutions

Gallery

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