10. Liquids and solids

Intermolecular forces

intermolecular forces: forces between molecules

ionic: ionic bonds

covalent

nonpolar + nonpolar: London dispersion forces

very weak

only last a few seconds

when electrons briefly repel and attract to nucleus

all molecules have this

the bigger the molecule, the stronger the forces

polar + polar: dipole-dipole forces

attraction between oppositely-charged dipoles

hydrogen bond

strongest dipole-dipole force

between H and N, O, F (small and electronegative)

order of strength: London dispersion < dipole-dipole < hydrogen

metals

structure: atoms held in middle by sea of electrons surrounding it

electricity and heat can flow easily through the metal

alloy: mix of different metals

substitutional alloy: replace metal atoms with metals of about the same size (e.g. bronze)

interstitial alloy: put smaller atoms inside the metal (e.g. steel)

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