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AP Chemistry
  • Pages
    • Class
      • Laboratory report rubric
      • Notes
        • 1. Chemical foundations
        • 2. Atoms, molecules, and ions
        • 3. Stoichiometry
        • 4. Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry
        • 5. Gases
        • 6. Thermochemistry
        • 7. Atomic structure and periodicity
        • 8. Bonding: general concepts
        • 9. Covalent bonding: orbitals
        • 10. Liquids and solids
        • 11. Properties of solutions
        • 12. Chemical kinetics
        • 13. Chemical equilibrium
        • 14. Acids and bases
        • 15. Acid-base equilibria
        • 16. Solubility and complex ion equilibria
        • 17. Spontaneity, entropy, free energy
        • 18. Electrochemistry
      • Drug unit
        • Basics
        • Analgesics
        • Antacids
        • Anesthetics
        • Depressants
        • Stimulants
        • Antibiotics
        • Antiviral drugs
        • Mind-altering drugs
    • Textbook (incomplete)
      • 1. Chemical foundations
      • 2. Atoms, molecules, and ions
      • 3. Stoichiometry
      • 4. Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry
      • 5. Gases
      • 6. Thermochemistry
      • 7. Atomic structure and periodicity
      • 8. Bonding: general concepts
    • CED
      • 1. Atomic structure and properties
      • 2. Compound structure and properties
      • 3. Properties of substances and mixtures
      • 4. Chemical reactions
      • 5. Kinetics
      • 6. Thermochemistry
      • 7. Equilibrium
      • 8. Acids and bases
      • 9. Thermodynamics and electrochemistry
AP Chemistry
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Antibiotics
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Antibiotics

bacterium (pl. bacteria): single-celled organism
have cell walls surrounding the cell
alive
examples of harmful bacteria
E. coli
walking pneumonia
salmonella
tuberculosis (TB)
urinary tract infection (UTI)
gonorrhea
chlamydia
strep
antibiotics: drug used to kill bacteria
discovery
1890s: mice ate fungi that cured bacteria
1920s: Alexander Fleming left petri dish open
mold grew
mold accidentally killed bacteria
penicillium notarium/penicillin: inhibit the enzymes responsible for building and strengthening the bacterial cell wall
cell wall weakens
bacterium dies
1940s: Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain isolated penicillin
useful in WWII to save soldiers
penicillin G
killed bacteria
given by shot (broke down by stomach acid)
penicillin V
pill
bacteria became resistant
cloxacillin
pill
more resistant to bacteria
types
broad spectrum: kills all bacteria
narrow spectrum: kills specific bacteria
makes superbacteria that are resistant
antibiotic soap
antibiotic food for livestock
methods
bactericidal: killing bacteria
bacteriostatic: inhibiting growth
disrupting the bacterial cell wall or membrane
interfering with essential enzymes
inhibiting protein synthesis
can kill good bacteria
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