9. Covalent bonding: orbitals

Hybrid orbitals

hybrid orbitals: two different shapes combine to make bonds (usually s and p)

sp³: 1s + 3p (4 total)

sp²: 1s + 2p (3 total)

sp: 1s + 1p (2 total)

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example: CH₄; carbon

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4 bonds attached to carbon

sp³ has 4 total

hybrid orbitals for carbon: sp³

example: NH₃; nitrogen

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lone pairs count as 1 each

three bonds plus lone pair: 4 total

hybrid orbitals for nitrogen: sp³

example: C₂H₄; carbon

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kind of bond doesn’t matter for hybrid orbitals

three bonds

hybrid orbitals for carbon: sp²

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