hormones regulate our appetite Ghrelin: hunger hormone, induces hunger cues happens in the stomach, signals in the brain to eat leptin: hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue signals satiety, when your full, blocks gherlin CCK: hormone made in small intestine reduce hunger → appetite suppressant
What else regulates appetite?
stretch, weight in stomach
“Balanced” Diet
carbohydrates → make glucose, to make ATP proteins → amino acids, to build muscle tissue lipids → long term energy storage, insulation for body, protects organs, cell membranes and hormones essential= we need to eat it bc we can’t make it on our own incomplete vs complete protein sources incomplete: dont have all 20 amino acids we need, usally plant based products complete: protein sources contain all 20 amino acids, aminal products essential fats→ omega-3, omega-6
Vitamins
an organic compound used for metabolism that are not produced in high enough quantity by the body
some vitamins are fat soluble, some are water soluble
What happens if I dont eat Vitamins?
blood clotting (vitamin K) bone and tooth maintenance (D) Function as coenzymes(bind to an enzyme to activate it) in: free radical → molecule or atom that has lost electron processes in our body, like inflammation -
why do we need minerals?
cell communication signals: calcium, posatium, sodium phosphourus is required for cell membranes + ATP iron: binds oxygen in red blood cells iodine: required for thyroid hormone production used in metabolic process) over stimulation of thyroid can give you a “goiter”, an inflamation of the thyroid gland, around the neck. if you dont get enough calcium, osteoporosis can occur too much calcium, kidney stones occur
Importance of Water
solvent for chemical reactions in the body regulate osmosis in cells we do produce water from atp, but not enough to run off of it. necessary for digestive function
When Things go Wrong - BMI/Obesity
bmi is bs for determining the overall health of an individual BMI is a general guide to estimate how much of a person’s weight is due to adipose (fat) tissue. it doesnt account for sex, age, fitness, or bone structure intended as a way to categorize white men. used for eugenics, esp in its origins 1998: they lowered the index to be considered overweight or obese leading to obesity “epidemic” doctors/insurance can use it as a gatekeeper for health care, esp for fat individuals does not determine health When obesity affects your health
hypertension or (high blood pressure) high cholesterol or type ll diabetes overall, cardiovascular system problems it may be coming from hormone production imbalance bc of hormonal imbalance, some cancers
Diabetes
type 1: no insulin is produced, 10-15% of cases
autoimmune attack on the pancreas cells that produce insulin then they have to supplement insulin type 2: low insulin, doesnt respond properly anymore, 85-90% of cases
dont make enough insulin OR cells become unresponsive gestational diabetes- develops during pregnancy
they don’t make enough insulin for themselves, then filters into the fetus, leaving nothing for the pregnant person. too much glucose in the blood bc insulin does not signal cells to take it in:
hypertonic blood → water enters the blood no glucose being turned into ATP then messes up fat production eating disorders
anorexia nervosa- psychological disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted perception of weight
bulimia nervosa- disorder in which people cycle between eating large amounts of high-calorie food (binge-eating), followed by purging(vomiting, fasting, laxatives, excess exercise)
binge eating- similar to bulimia, but without purging.
muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia)
belief that the body is underdeveloped, preoccupation with body building activities and diet
