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Unit 1

Digestion track

Enzymes and Digestion

hormones and appetite

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hormones and appetite

hormones regulate our appetite

Ghrelin: hunger hormone, induces hunger cues

happens in the stomach, signals in the brain to eat

leptin: hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue

signals satiety, when your full, blocks gherlin

CCK: hormone made in small intestine

reduce hunger → appetite suppressant

What else regulates appetite?

stretch, weight in stomach

emotions

illness

biological clock

mental health issues

“Balanced” Diet

essential macronutrients

carbohydrates → make glucose, to make ATP

proteins → amino acids, to build muscle tissue

lipids → long term energy storage, insulation for body, protects organs, cell membranes and hormones

essential= we need to eat it bc we can’t make it on our own

incomplete vs complete protein sources

incomplete: dont have all 20 amino acids we need, usally plant based products

complete: protein sources contain all 20 amino acids, aminal products

essential fats→ omega-3, omega-6

Vitamins

an organic compound used for metabolism that are not produced in high enough quantity by the body

found it

veggies

fruits

dairy products

some vitamins are fat soluble, some are water soluble

What happens if I dont eat Vitamins?

blood clotting (vitamin K)

bone and tooth maintenance (D)

Function as coenzymes(bind to an enzyme to activate it) in:

celluar resparation

nucelic acid synthesis

hormone synthesis

nervous system function

metabolism

antioxidants (A,C,E)

free radical → molecule or atom that has lost electron

radiation

smoking

processes in our body, like inflammation

why do we need minerals?

cell communication signals: calcium, posatium, sodium

phosphourus is required for cell membranes + ATP

co-enzymes

osmotic regulation

iron: binds oxygen in red blood cells

iodine: required for thyroid hormone production used in metabolic process)

over stimulation of thyroid can give you a “goiter”, an inflamation of the thyroid gland, around the neck.

calcium:

if you dont get enough calcium, osteoporosis can occur

too much calcium, kidney stones occur

Importance of Water

solvent for chemical reactions in the body

regulate osmosis in cells

we do produce water from atp, but not enough to run off of it.

necessary for digestive function

When Things go Wrong - BMI/Obesity

BMI: body mass index

bmi is bs for determining the overall health of an individual

BMI is a general guide to estimate how much of a person’s weight is due to adipose (fat) tissue.

it doesnt account for sex, age, fitness, or bone structure

intended as a way to categorize white men.

used for eugenics, esp in its origins

1998: they lowered the index to be considered overweight or obese leading to obesity “epidemic”

doctors/insurance can use it as a gatekeeper for health care, esp for fat individuals

does not determine health

When obesity affects your health

hypertension or (high blood pressure)

high cholesterol or type ll diabetes

heart disease

strokes

overall, cardiovascular system problems

osteoarthritis

gallbladder disease

fertility problems

it may be coming from hormone production imbalance

bc of hormonal imbalance, some cancers

breast

ovarian

uterine

sleep apnea

Diabetes

type 1: no insulin is produced, 10-15% of cases

autoimmune attack on the pancreas cells that produce insulin

then they have to supplement insulin

type 2: low insulin, doesnt respond properly anymore, 85-90% of cases

dont make enough insulin OR cells become unresponsive

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