What does food provide us?
Nutrients- chemicals our cells need to perform physiological functions.
nutrients include:
carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are considered organic macromolecules found in living organisms.
chemistry time!
macromolecules- a mass of molecules
atom- basic building blocks of matter.
electrons like to be paired up.
covalent bond- electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms.
ionic bond- electron shared unequally, where one atom can take another electron from one another.
forms 2 atoms, one pos and one neg, and these opposite charges are attracted to one another hydrogen bond- weakest bond, when hydrogen atoms are attracted to eachother.
hydrolysis reaction- degradation reaction
reaction Removal of water to link subunits together into larger molecules
breaks apart a larger molecule into 2 smaller products adds water to break molecule apart need water to break down molecules! Dehydration reaction- synthesis
join together two molecules to create a new product. taking water out to break molecules into their subunits together into larger molecules
carbohydrates
complex carbs: sugars connected though covenant bonds in humans: glycogen- stored form in plants: starch → can digest fiber/cellulose → cant digest, ends up in stool
fat digestion
lipids- lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids
built from mostly carbon + hydrogen saturated fats- single bonds, packed solidly, and will be solid at room temperature unsaturated fats- contain some double bonds, they have more carbon, causing the shape to be not as tightly packed as saturated fats. resulting in liquid at room temperature. like olive oil, vegetable oil phospholipids-
hydrophilic head- mixes with water
hydrophobic tail- doesnt mix with water
the heads are like walls, they can trap dirts and oils, in the circle, and carry them out/ wash it off
lipids used to make hormones: steroids and cholesterol
starting material for most steroid hormones is cholesterol chylomirons: triglycerides, cholsterol
ldl- low density lipoprotein carries fatty acids, cholesterol, triglucerids to cells exess amount is bad → deposits fatty plaques on the artery walls hdl- high density lioprotien returns fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides to the liver. fats
used for important for long term energy storage, stored in our adipose tissue creates cell membranes, hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone trans fat- a double bond into single bond, resulting in saturated fat.
how to digest protiens
starts in stomach, with pepsin, contintues in small intestine, with tryposin, peptridose, etc.
proteins are broken down into amino acids 20 different kinds of amino acids we cant store a lot of amino acids, so we have to regularlly have to eat proteins we can connect amino acids through peptide (covelant) bonds, to make proteins primary structure is: # and order (of importance) of amino acids
the shape is integeral to the shape of the protein, and how its digested 2nd primary shape(s)- alpha helix, a spiral, or beta sheet, kinda like crimped hair, or acoridianed paper, those shapes are held together by colvent bonds, acting like glue
3rd shape- tertiry structure
the 3d shape of the protein
quaternary structure
combines multiple proteins to create a single functioning protein
Nucleic Acids
built from nucleotides(bases) atoms c, h, O, N from other nutrients can be used to make nucleic acids make up our dna → blueprint for DNA use nucleotides to form energy molecules (ATP)
Glycolysis
6- carbon sugar (glucose) → two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate)
if o2 is present, acetyl CoA enters into the mitochondria; the next step of celluar respiration if no o2 is present, fermentation occurs
Cirtic acid/Krebs cycle
3-carbon sugar → broken down single carbon CO2 can make a limited amount of ATP, coming from ADP + P → ATP load up carrier molecules (NADH, FADH2) with protons (H^+) and electrons (e^-)
Electron Transport Chain + ATP Synthase
in the mitochondrial inner membrane (2 membranes!) NADH + FADH2 bring H (H^+ and e^-) to inner membrane as electrons are added to proteins in the membrane, they act as a pump to push protons through, into the inner membrane, in between the 2 layers the final protein give the electron to the O2 → H2O and resets its shapes oxygen acts as an electron acceptor to allow the cellular respiration to finish proton gradient is used to produce ATP ATP synthase is a protein complex at H+ flow through (down their gradient) the H+ flow spins the complex, smashing together ADP + P to form ATP 1 glucose yields ~32-36 ATP
Big Picture:
As food is oxidized, it transfers electrons to carriers to later be used to make ATP • The amount of energy we can get from food can be quantified (we indicate it as calories or kilojoules)
the anaerobic process in human cells the breaks down glucose and produces lactate as a product is fermentation.
Chemistry of food
