Unit 1

Enzymes and Digestion

Fats

Tissues

Chemistry of food

Metabolism 2/9/24

hormones and appetite

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Explore

Chemistry of food

Glycolysis

Cellular Respiration

What does food provide us?

Nutrients- chemicals our cells need to perform physiological functions.

nutrients include:

carbs

proteins

lipids

nucleic acids

vitamins

minerals

water

carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are considered organic macromolecules found in living organisms.

chemistry time!

macromolecules- a mass of molecules

atom- basic building blocks of matter.

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electrons like to be paired up.

covalent bond- electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms.

ionic bond- electron shared unequally, where one atom can take another electron from one another.

forms 2 atoms, one pos and one neg, and these opposite charges are attracted to one another

hydrogen bond- weakest bond, when hydrogen atoms are attracted to eachother.

hydrolysis reaction- degradation reaction

reaction Removal of water to link subunits together into larger molecules

breaks apart a larger molecule into 2 smaller products

adds water to break molecule apart

need water to break down molecules!

Dehydration reaction- synthesis

join together two molecules to create a new product.

taking water out to break molecules into their subunits together into larger molecules

produces water

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carbohydrates

sugar: simple glucose

complex carbs: sugars connected though covenant bonds

in humans: glycogen- stored form

in plants: starch → can digest

fiber/cellulose → cant digest, ends up in stool

fat digestion

lipids- lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids

built from mostly carbon + hydrogen

saturated fats- single bonds, packed solidly, and will be solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats- contain some double bonds, they have more carbon, causing the shape to be not as tightly packed as saturated fats. resulting in liquid at room temperature. like olive oil, vegetable oil

phospholipids-

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hydrophilic head- mixes with water

hydrophobic tail- doesnt mix with water

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the heads are like walls, they can trap dirts and oils, in the circle, and carry them out/ wash it off

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lipids used to make hormones: steroids and cholesterol

starting material for most steroid hormones is cholesterol

chylomirons: triglycerides, cholsterol

repackaged in the liver

ldl- low density lipoprotein

carries fatty acids, cholesterol, triglucerids to cells

exess amount is bad → deposits fatty plaques on the artery walls

hdl- high density lioprotien

returns fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides to the liver.

fats

used for important for long term energy storage, stored in our adipose tissue

cushioning

insulation

creates cell membranes, hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone

trans fat- a double bond into single bond, resulting in saturated fat.

how to digest protiens

starts in stomach, with pepsin, contintues in small intestine, with tryposin, peptridose, etc.

proteins are broken down into amino acids

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built from c, h, o and n

20 different kinds of amino acids

we cant store a lot of amino acids, so we have to regularlly have to eat proteins

we can connect amino acids through peptide (covelant) bonds, to make proteins

primary structure is: # and order (of importance) of amino acids

the shape is integeral to the shape of the protein, and how its digested

2nd primary shape(s)- alpha helix, a spiral, or beta sheet, kinda like crimped hair, or acoridianed paper, those shapes are held together by colvent bonds, acting like glue

3rd shape- tertiry structure

the 3d shape of the protein

quaternary structure

combines multiple proteins to create a single functioning protein

Nucleic Acids

built from nucleotides(bases)

atoms c, h, O, N from other nutrients can be used to make nucleic acids

make up our dna → blueprint for DNA

use nucleotides to form energy molecules (ATP)

Glycolysis

6- carbon sugar (glucose) → two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate)

enters mitochondria

if o2 is present, acetyl CoA enters into the mitochondria; the next step of celluar respiration

if no o2 is present, fermentation occurs

Cirtic acid/Krebs cycle

3-carbon sugar → broken down single carbon CO2

can make a limited amount of ATP, coming from ADP + P → ATP

load up carrier molecules (NADH, FADH2) with protons (H^+) and electrons (e^-)

Electron Transport Chain + ATP Synthase

in the mitochondrial inner membrane (2 membranes!)

NADH + FADH2 bring H (H^+ and e^-) to inner membrane

as electrons are added to proteins in the membrane, they act as a pump to push protons through, into the inner membrane, in between the 2 layers

the final protein give the electron to the O2 → H2O and resets its shapes

oxygen acts as an electron acceptor to allow the cellular respiration to finish

proton gradient is used to produce ATP

ATP synthase is a protein complex at H+ flow through (down their gradient)

the H+ flow spins the complex, smashing together ADP + P to form ATP

1 glucose yields ~32-36 ATP

Big Picture:

As food is oxidized, it transfers electrons to carriers to later be used to make ATP

• The amount of energy we can get from food can be quantified (we indicate it as calories or kilojoules)

the anaerobic process in human cells the breaks down glucose and produces lactate as a product is fermentation.

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