occurs in the cytoplasm, does NOT require oxygen breaks down glucose (6-carbon sugar) into two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate) takes atp/ energy to make glycolysis happen also produces some ATP → net of 2 ATPs pyruvate can be converted into different molecules, into acetyl CoA all of our food gets broken down into acetyl CoA. including lipids, amino acids acetyl CoA used to make energy 6- carbon sugar (glucose) → two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate) if o2 is present, acetyl CoA enters into the mitochondria; the next step of celluar respiration if no o2 is present, fermentation occurs
Cirtic acid/Krebs cycle
3-carbon sugar → broken down single carbon CO2 can make a limited amount of ATP, coming from ADP + P → ATP load up carrier molecules (NADH, FADH2) with protons (H^+) and electrons (e^-)
Electron Transport Chain + ATP Synthase
in the mitochondrial inner membrane (2 membranes!) NADH + FADH2 bring H (H^+ and e^-) to inner membrane as electrons are added to proteins in the membrane, they act as a pump to push protons through, into the inner membrane, in between the 2 layers the final protein give the electron to the O2 → H2O and resets its shapes oxygen acts as an electron acceptor to allow the cellular respiration to finish proton gradient is used to produce ATP ATP synthase is a protein complex at H+ flow through (down their gradient) the H+ flow spins the complex, smashing together ADP + P to form ATP 1 glucose yields ~32-36 ATP
Big Picture:
As food is oxidized, it transfers electrons to carriers to later be used to make ATP • The amount of energy we can get from food can be quantified (we indicate it as calories or kilojoules)
crenation- when a red blood cell shrinks
hemolysis- when a red blood cell bursts
