Glycolysis

occurs in the cytoplasm, does NOT require oxygen

breaks down glucose (6-carbon sugar) into two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate)

takes atp/ energy to make glycolysis happen

also produces some ATP → net of 2 ATPs

produces some NADH

pyruvate can be converted into different molecules, into acetyl CoA

all of our food gets broken down into acetyl CoA.

including lipids, amino acids

acetyl CoA used to make energy

6- carbon sugar (glucose) → two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate)

enters mitochondria

if o2 is present, acetyl CoA enters into the mitochondria; the next step of celluar respiration

if no o2 is present, fermentation occurs

Cirtic acid/Krebs cycle

3-carbon sugar → broken down single carbon CO2

can make a limited amount of ATP, coming from ADP + P → ATP

load up carrier molecules (NADH, FADH2) with protons (H^+) and electrons (e^-)

Electron Transport Chain + ATP Synthase

in the mitochondrial inner membrane (2 membranes!)

NADH + FADH2 bring H (H^+ and e^-) to inner membrane

as electrons are added to proteins in the membrane, they act as a pump to push protons through, into the inner membrane, in between the 2 layers

the final protein give the electron to the O2 → H2O and resets its shapes

oxygen acts as an electron acceptor to allow the cellular respiration to finish

proton gradient is used to produce ATP

ATP synthase is a protein complex at H+ flow through (down their gradient)

the H+ flow spins the complex, smashing together ADP + P to form ATP

1 glucose yields ~32-36 ATP

Big Picture:

As food is oxidized, it transfers electrons to carriers to later be used to make ATP

• The amount of energy we can get from food can be quantified (we indicate it as calories or kilojoules)

crenation- when a red blood cell shrinks

hemolysis- when a red blood cell bursts

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