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Exam 2 Review Session

Meiosis

1. Four of the five substances listed below are lipids. Select the exception —— hemoglobin

2. In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion

Chapter 5

4 major categories of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

*subunit for:

carbohydrates — monosaccharides, single sugars (simplest carbohydrates)

protein — polypeptide chain

lipids — glycerol and fatty acids

nucleic acids — nucleotides

dehydration synthesis — by taking a H+ and OH- away from two monomers to form a polymer

hydrolysis — by adding a H2O molecule to separate a polymer into monomers

disaccharide (fructose)— formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; this covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

⁠

four examples of polysaccharides (saccharide — sugar)

cellulose

starch

glycogen

chitin

four examples of lipids

fatty acids

phospholipids

steroids

cholesterol

feature of phospholipids

→ two fatty acids — one saturated and one unsaturated, connect with glycerol and then connect with phosphate

saturated fatty acids — bind by single covalent bond, usually in a solid form under the room temperature because the straight structure can make them bind easily

unsaturated fatty acids — bind by single covalent bond except one double covalent bond, always in a liquid form because of the bend structure which does not allow them to bind

functions of protein

proteins work as catalysts in reactions — enzyme

structure of amino acids

a central carbon with one amino group and carboxyl group, a hydrogen and one R group

⁠

functional protein structures

primary - amino acids chain

secondary - alpha helix & beta pleated sheet

tertiary - polypeptide starts to fold into shape

quaternary - proteins bind together to form a bigger functioning protein

chapter 6

three common features of all cells

plasma membrane, DNA storing region, and cytoplasm

membrane proteins

channel protein,

function of nucleus

the control center of the cell, contain genetic information

function of nuclear envelope

contain the genetic information and offer protection over it

function of chromatin

cofactors are nonprotein enzyme helpers

coenzyme - organic cofactor

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