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BIO146
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Exam 1 Review Session
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 - Tour of the Cell
Cell Notes
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Practicum Review Questions
Exam 2 Review Session
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (very IMPORTANT for MCAT)
Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis
Exam 2 Review Session
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Cell Notes

which one is the principal of the cell theory? (exam)
why not animal cell?
ETM (not sure)
lysosome
centrosome

Basic features of all cells
plasma membrane
semifuild substance called cytosol
chromosomes (carry genes)
ribosomes (make proteins)
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
...
...
Eukaryotic cells
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membrane ...
Plasma membrane (phospholipids structure)
→ isolate outside and inside the cells (protection & isolation)
→ regulate the entry and exist of the solution (regulation)
→ communicate with other cells (communication)
→ the cell is small is because of the S to V ratio (surface and volume)
2. Nucleus (manager of the cell - contain DNA)
→ nuclear lamina - a protein (pore complexes)
→ chromatin - the DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called chromatin
→ the nucleolus
3. Ribosomes (not double membrane bounded - not organelle)
4. Endomembrane system (these components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles<transport vesicles>)
nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
metabolizes carbohydrates
detoxifies drugs and poisons
stores calcium ions
5. Lysosomes (digestive compartments)
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome
→ phagocytosis - forms a food vacuole
6. Vacuoles
Food vacuoles - formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles - found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells
central vacuoles - found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Energy conversion organelles - mitochondria & chloroplasts

→ have similarities with bacteria
enveloped by a double membrane
contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
7. Mitochondria
convert food energy to chemical energy
smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane
the folded inner membrane is to increase the surface area
cristae - the folded area in the mitochondria
mitochondrail matrix - the center area filled with water
8. Chloroplasts
convert light energy to food energy
mainly found in plant leaves
structures: thylakoids (membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum), stroma (the internal fluid)
plastids - one of plant organelle
smooth double membrane
9. Peroxisomes - oxidative organelles
degrade 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

more complicated become less complicated products — oxidation
less complicated become more complicated product — reduction

10. cytoskeleton (is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm)
maintain cell shape
deliver vesicles to cytoplasm
organize the cell’s structrue and activities
interacts with motor proteins to produce motility (active transport because it uses ATP)
three main types - microtubules(thickest), microfilaments(thinest), intermediate(medium size)
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11. Centrosomes
microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus
a “microtubule-organizing center”
has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules ....
12. cilia and Flagella
microtubules control and beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells
differ in their beating patterns
number — cilia (a lot) vs. Flagella (1)
length — cilia (short) vs Flagella (long)
beating pattern - cilia (back-forth - up and down like eyelash) vs. Flagella (all directions)
→ a basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
→ a motor protein called dynein
13. microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
solid rods, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
microfilaments that function incellular otility contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
pesudo —— fake; podium —— arm
14. Intermediate Filaments
support cell shape and fiz organelles in place
more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes
Extracellular components — outside of the cell membrane
cell walls of plants
the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
intercellular junctions
cell wall - distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
→ protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.
may have multiple layers
→ primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible
→ middle lamella
→ secondary cell wall
→ plasmodesmata — a channel connect between two cells

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