which one is the principal of the cell theory? (exam)
why not animal cell?
Basic features of all cells
semifuild substance called cytosol chromosomes (carry genes) ribosomes (make proteins) Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid Eukaryotic cells
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membrane ... Plasma membrane (phospholipids structure) → isolate outside and inside the cells (protection & isolation)
→ regulate the entry and exist of the solution (regulation)
→ communicate with other cells (communication)
→ the cell is small is because of the S to V ratio (surface and volume)
2. Nucleus (manager of the cell - contain DNA)
→ nuclear lamina - a protein (pore complexes)
→ chromatin - the DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called chromatin
→ the nucleolus
3. Ribosomes (not double membrane bounded - not organelle)
4. Endomembrane system (these components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles<transport vesicles>)
Smooth ER
metabolizes carbohydrates detoxifies drugs and poisons 5. Lysosomes (digestive compartments)
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome → phagocytosis - forms a food vacuole
6. Vacuoles
Food vacuoles - formed by phagocytosis Contractile vacuoles - found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells central vacuoles - found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water Energy conversion organelles - mitochondria & chloroplasts
→ have similarities with bacteria
enveloped by a double membrane contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells 7. Mitochondria
convert food energy to chemical energy smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane the folded inner membrane is to increase the surface area cristae - the folded area in the mitochondria mitochondrail matrix - the center area filled with water 8. Chloroplasts
convert light energy to food energy mainly found in plant leaves structures: thylakoids (membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum), stroma (the internal fluid) plastids - one of plant organelle 9. Peroxisomes - oxidative organelles
degrade 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
more complicated become less complicated products — oxidation
less complicated become more complicated product — reduction
10. cytoskeleton (is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm)
deliver vesicles to cytoplasm organize the cell’s structrue and activities interacts with motor proteins to produce motility (active transport because it uses ATP) three main types - microtubules(thickest), microfilaments(thinest), intermediate(medium size) 11. Centrosomes
microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus a “microtubule-organizing center” has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules .... 12. cilia and Flagella
microtubules control and beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells differ in their beating patterns number — cilia (a lot) vs. Flagella (1) length — cilia (short) vs Flagella (long) beating pattern - cilia (back-forth - up and down like eyelash) vs. Flagella (all directions) → a basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
→ a motor protein called dynein
13. microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
solid rods, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits microfilaments that function incellular otility contain the protein myosin in addition to actin pesudo —— fake; podium —— arm
14. Intermediate Filaments
support cell shape and fiz organelles in place more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes Extracellular components — outside of the cell membrane
the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells cell wall - distinguishes plant cells from animal cells → protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.
→ primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible
→ middle lamella
→ secondary cell wall
→ plasmodesmata — a channel connect between two cells
