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BIO146
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Exam 1 Review Session
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 - Tour of the Cell
Cell Notes
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Practicum Review Questions
Exam 2 Review Session
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (very IMPORTANT for MCAT)
Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis
Exam 2 Review Session
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Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis

photosynthesis — the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
→ directly or indirectly
autotrophs — sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
→ producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
→ in prokaryotes, photosynthesis happen on the plasma membrane
heterotrophs — obtain their organic material from other organisms
→ consumers of the biosphere
→ almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2

10.1 Photosynthesis coverts light energy to the chemical energy of food

chlorophyll — the region of the green color; the green pigment within chloroplasts
mesophyll — where the chloroplasts are mainly found in plant cells; the interior tissue of the leaf
→ each mesophyll cell contains 30-40 chloroplasts
stomata — where CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf

*cuticle — the lipid/wax structure of the leaf, which to prevent water lose
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thylakoids — where contains chlorophyll; thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana
stroma — a dense interior fluid; where is found in the chloroplasts
palsade

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The Splitting of Water
Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

The Two Stages of Photosynthesis

light reactions (the photo part)
Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)
The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
split H2O
Release O2
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation
make CO2 to bind with something to become a compound in order to reaction

10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

plants can only use the visible light
** discrete particles of radiation — photon
Gamma rays (on the light spectrum)
shorter wavelength
more energy
high frequency
* When a proton hit on an object
→ absorbed light
→ transmitted light
→ reflected light
Chlorophyll a is the only primary color pigment
chlorophyll b — accessory pigments
carotenoids — accessory pigments; absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

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primary electron acceptor — accepts excited electrons in the reaction center and is reduced as a result
Two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane
photosystem II (PS II) — functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

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