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Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis
photosynthesis — the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
→ directly or indirectly
autotrophs — sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
→ producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
→ in prokaryotes, photosynthesis happen on the plasma membrane
heterotrophs — obtain their organic material from other organisms
→ consumers of the biosphere
→ almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2
10.1 Photosynthesis coverts light energy to the chemical energy of food
chlorophyll — the region of the green color; the green pigment within chloroplasts
mesophyll — where the chloroplasts are mainly found in plant cells; the interior tissue of the leaf
→ each mesophyll cell contains 30-40 chloroplasts
stomata — where CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf
*cuticle — the lipid/wax structure of the leaf, which to prevent water lose
thylakoids — where contains chlorophyll; thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana
stroma — a dense interior fluid; where is found in the chloroplasts
palsade
The Splitting of Water
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis
light reactions (the photo part)
Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)
The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation
10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
plants can only use the visible light
** discrete particles of radiation — photon
Gamma rays (on the light spectrum)
* When a proton hit on an object
→ absorbed light
→ transmitted light
→ reflected light
Chlorophyll a is the only primary color pigment
chlorophyll b — accessory pigments
carotenoids — accessory pigments; absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
primary electron acceptor — accepts excited electrons in the reaction center and is reduced as a result
Two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane
photosystem II (PS II) — functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
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