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VL Intro to Communication/ language Studies

Tutorium Intro Communication/ Language Studies

VORLESUNG 1)

Folie:

https://ecampus.uni-bonn.de/goto_ecampus_file_3164783_download.html⁠

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The Study of Language - buy book

Online Exam

fill in text questions, picture, hotspot

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language+ structure-

-phonetics-the production and classification of human sounds (influence that vocal organs (lips/ tongue) have in the formation and annunciation of sounds.

- phonology-morphology- how words are formed, families ( it can help explain why certain word forms that appear to be different are actually related, like the words "happy" and "happiness," or "intelligent" and "intelligence.")

-syntax- structure of sentences

-semantics-meaning in language (example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyse their subtle shades of meaning.

-pragmatics-meaning in context/ helps us look beyond the literal meaning of words and utterances and allows us to focus on how meaning is constructed in specific contexts.

VORLESUNG 2)

Folien:

https://ecampus.uni-bonn.de/goto_ecampus_file_3186479_download.html⁠

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Phonetics

Core linguistics / micro-linguistics: (Phonetics/Phonology, syntax etc.)

Macro-linguistics: Variational, Pragmatics, Constrastive/Psycho/Neuro/ Computational

Diachronic vs Synchronic approach

Applied vs Theoretical approach

Grapheme: letters (spelling retained) (pronunciation varies)

sounds≠Letters (Shoot-Nation) dont rhyme

Homophones: sound the same, spelled differently

Homographs: Spelled same, pronounced differently

Silent Letters: Knee, honest, debt,

Phonetics

Phonology

Speech sounds in general (Human speech sounds)

Studies the function of sounds as parts of a sound system

not language specific

Language specific

Concrete

Abstract

There are no rows in this table

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Branches of Phonetics:

Articulatory Phonetics

Acoustic Phonetics

Auditory Phonetics

Articulatory Phonetics: The anatomy of speech: Production of speech sounds, consonants and vowels.

Nasal cavity

Alveolar ridge

Teeth

Tip

Blade

Front

Back

Vocal cords

Larynx

Windpipe

Oesophagus

Glottis

Epiglottis

Uvula

Velum or soft palate

Hard palate

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Respiratory System 🗣

breathing out manipulating air flow - produce sounds (words)

egressive pulmonic air stream- pushed up by lungs, passing windpipe, out orally

ingressive: Air is abruptly sucked in through the nose or mouth

Larynx: voice box: contains vocal cords (folds) and the Glottis (opening between the folds)

obstruction (of vocal cords) creates vibration

Glottis:

narrow glottis: voiced sound (air passed vocal folds vibrate)

open glottis: voiceless sound (passes without vibration)

closed glottis: glottal stop is produced (airstream stopped)

Consonants:

Classification: 1. place of articulation 2. Manner of articulation 3. State of glottis (voicing)

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bilabial

Post-alveolar

velar

labio-dentals

Inter-dental

palatal

alveolars

[m] mouse

[ʃ] shoe

[k]coat

[f]fat

[θ]think

[j]yes

[t] to

[p]pat

[ʒ] vision

[g] goat

[v]vision

[ð]that

[d] do

[b]bat

[tʃ] chin

[ŋ] ring

[n] nice

[w] wet (labial-velar)

[dʒ] gin

[s] Sue

[z] zoo

[l] leap

[r] ride

There are no rows in this table

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identify place of articulation Klausurfrage!!!

know all vocal organs Klausur!!

Obstruents

Plosives: stops Airflow is obstructed completely at one point and suddenly let go (little explosion), e.g. [p], [t]

Fricatives: Airflow pressed through a very narrow opening (friction), e.g. [f], [s]

Affricates: Brief obstruction of the air followed by a slow release that causes friction, e.g. [tʃ], [dʒ]

Sonorants

Nasals: Oral cavity closed, velum lowered so airflow passes through the nose, e.g. [m], [n]

Approximants/ liquids: Tip of the tongue touches alveolar ridge, air flows to the sides of the tongue, i.e.[l], [r]

Glides / semi-vowels Articulators do not touch, features of both vowels and consonants, i.e.[w], [j]

Vowels:

-altering position of tongue and the way the lips are positioned

-the most sonorous, because your mouth is as open as possible.

-(i) in cheese , sounds like you're saying y at the end : semivowel

-(u)-Quechua , sounds like w (double uu) : semivowel

length / rounded or not

hight& low - close& open

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Monophthongs:

A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a pure vowel or monophthong.

Diphthongs:

result of a glide from one vowel to another.

diphthongs are like long vowels. The initial vowel is usually stronger and longer than the second.

Diphthongs are considered to be one vowel sound

Triphthongs:

glide from first to second to third vowel

third sound: schwa (upside-down e)

Tutorium website zum translaten von phonetics

Lecture 3

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https://ecampus.uni-bonn.de/goto_ecampus_file_3197937_download.html⁠

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Phonology

Phonetics is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds

Articulatory Phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are made

Acoustic Phonetics: the phyiscal properties of speech as sound waves in the air

Auditory Phonetics: the perception of speech sounds in the ear

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Why do we need all of these symbols?

IPA→ One sound is represented by one symbol (no other system)

The IPA chart contains representations of all sounds that are used by humans

IPA symbols are universal and apply to all languages of the world

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Phonetics vs. Phonology

Phonetics:

the study of the characteristics of speech sounds

Phonology:

concerned with the description of the systems and speech patterns in a language

concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in a language

Phoneme vs Phone

Phoneme:

A meaning-distinguishing sound in a language

They appear in slashes. /t/ phonemic, (mental or abstract) category, - in your mind

Phone:

Different versions of a sound type

They appear in square brackets. [t] [t ͪ]

allophonic (phonetic) realisations, - what you actually say

Different speakers produce the same sound slightly differently

(Compare /t/ in stop [stɒp] and top [t ͪɒp])

Allophones→

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Phonemic distinctions:

in a language can be tested by contrasting pairs or sets of words with each other

These words must have in common that they only differ in one sound that is in the same position

[sɪp] [tɪp]. [rɪp] [dɪp] [lɪp]

illustrate that /z/ is a phoneme in English

/z/ can be exchanged for /s/

[zɪp] - [sɪp]

Complementary distribution (Allophones)

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[pʰ] when it is the syllable onset + followed by a full vowel (e.g. pit)

[p] occurs in all other situations (e.g. spark, tip)

The Phoneme inventory

list of all meaning-distinguishing sounds in English

/i/ /p/ /o/ /n/ /k/ /l/ /d/ /t/ etc.

!A syllable must at least contain a vowel (including diphthongs)!

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Syllables with an onset and a nucleus, such as go, to or no, are considered open syllables

Syllables that have a coda, such as it or rip, are called closed syllables

When an onset or a coda consists of more than one consonant, we call this a consonant cluster

street /striːt/ CCC V C

bread /bred/ CC V C

Typologically: when comparing different languages with each other

we observe that large consonant clusters are rare

Most languages adhere to the CVCVCV pattern

In conversation, consonant clusters are reduced into the CVCV patterns→ coarticulation effects

Assimilation:

When two sounds that occur in a sequence and one feature of one of the sounds is taken on by the other

example; I have to eat → [aɪ həf tʊˈit]

The place of articulation and the manner of articulation stay the same, however /v/ becomes unvoiced, just like the /t/ that follows it

example; That person → [ ðæt ˈpɜːsən ] → [ ðæp ˈpɜːsən ]

= The alveolar plosive /t/ is exchanged for the bilabial plosive /p/

Nasalisation:

In conversation, when a vowel is followed by a nasal, we often change the quality of the vowel in that it become nasalised

pan /pan/ [pãn]

/a/ is followed by /n/, a nasal consonant. The quality of the vowel is affected when is becomes nasalised. Nasalisation is indicated by the use of the tilde ~

Elision:

we don‘t always pronounce every sound of a word. Some sounds are not realised in everyday speech

the unpronounced parts of words

handshake /ˈhandʃeɪk/ /ˈhandʃeɪk/

LECTURE 4 )

Slides:

https://ecampus.uni-bonn.de/goto_ecampus_file_3201585_download.html⁠

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Morphology

Function words such as connectors (and, or …)

auxiliaries (have, be, do …)

modals (can, could, would …)

prepositions (from, of …) …

Morphology: is the study of the internal structure of words and the processes that enlarge the vocabulary of a language

lexical level: Apple tart counts as one word because it is the object of the sentence.

Lemmas: infinite time form?

they're - they are ( contracted from clitic, reduced to they are)

graphematic level not trustworthy ( 2 words (spacing) different meaning )

black bird vs Blackbird; not the same

counting words:

one semantic unit conveying one concept : one word

simplex word

word formation: enlarging the lexicon, creating new lexemes and thus entries to the lexicon

Bake+ er → Backer

Infection: Encoding grammatical information

morpheme: abstract level, language system

→the meaning a specific affix or root bears

(negation)

bears meaning

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