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Networks
Networks Basics
Understanding Bytes and Bits
1. What is the difference between a router and a switch?
2. When you configure the TCP/IP protocol on a device, an IP address, a subnet mask, and usually a default gateway are required in the TCP/IP configuration settings. What is an IP address, a subnet mask and a default gateway?
When a host attempts to communicate with another device, it performs a comparison process using the defined subnet mask and the destination IP address versus the subnet mask and its own IP address. The result of this comparison tells the computer whether the destination is a local host or a remote host. If the result of this process determines the destination to be a local host, then the computer will simply send the packet on the local subnet. If the result of the comparison determines the destination to be a remote host, then the computer will forward the packet to the default gateway. It is then the responsibility of the router to forward the packet to the correct subnet.
3. What is the functionality difference between a straight through cable and a cross over cable?
4. Each IP address consists of two parts? What are these two parts?
Determining the Class of an IP Network
IPv4 addresses are divided into classes based on the value of the first octet. Here’s a quick guide to identifying the class of an IP address:
For the IP address 192.168.1.0:
Subnetting is possible based on number of bits burrowing from hosts portion. For example, if we have 8 bits allocated to host portion for /24 networks then we have 8 bits to work on so it depends how many subnetting we need to do. If we need to divide it to 2 subnets we need to burrow 1 bit. Formula is 2^n(number of bits burrowed from host portion).
If we need to create 8 subnets network, we need to burrow 3 bits from the host portion (8bits) so it becomes 2^3 = 8. Now the host bits remains with 5 bits . Each subnet will have 32 ip addresses including NA and BA
New Subnet Mask:
Number of Subnets Created:
2number of bits borrowed2^{\text{number of bits borrowed}}2number of bits borrowed
2^3 = 8
Number of Hosts per Subnet:
2^(number of host bits -2)
25−2=32−2=302^5 - 2 = 32 - 2 = 3025−2=32−2=30
/usr/lib/jvm/default-java/bin
%%{init: {'theme': 'base', 'themeVariables': { 'fontSize': '16px' }}}%%
graph TD
subgraph Scenario["Scenario"]
style Scenario fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
A[IP: 172.16.45.178] --> B[Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240 /28]
B --> C[Network Address: 172.16.45.176]
C --> F7[First Usable Host: 172.16.45.177]
C --> F8[Last Usable Host: 172.16.45.190]
C --> L[IP Range]
L --> M[172.16.45.176 - 172.16.45.191]
B --> D[Broadcast Address: 172.16.45.191]
B --> G[Host Bits: 4]
G --> H[Usable Hosts: 14]
B --> I[Subnet Bits: 4]
I --> J[Total Subnets: 16]
A --> K[Subnet Number: 11]
end
subgraph Formulas["Formulas"]
style Formulas fill:#e0f7fa,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
F1[Network Address] --> F2["NA = IP AND Subnet_Mask"]
F3[Broadcast Address] --> F4["BA = NA + (2^n - 1)"]
F5[Usable Hosts] --> F6["UH = 2^Host_Bits - 2"]
F7[First Host] --> F8["FH = NA + 1"]
F9[Last Host] --> F10["LH = BA - 1"]
F11[Total Subnets] --> F12["TS = 2^Subnet_Bits"]
end
Formulas --> Scenario
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