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Networks

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Networks Basics

Exam Notes

. What is the functionality difference between a straight through cable and a cross over cable?

Crossover is used to connect

a PC to a PC

a PC to a router

a router to a router

a hub to a hub

a switch to switch

Straight through is used to connect

a PC to a switch

a PC to a hub

a switch to a router

4. Each IP address consists of two parts? What are these two parts?

the network portion that identifies the network broadcast domain

the host portion which identifies the host within the local network

Subnetting is possible based on number of bits burrowing from hosts portion. For example, if we have 8 bits allocated to host portion for /24 networks then we have 8 bits to work on so it depends how many subnetting we need to do. If we need to divide it to 2 subnets we need to burrow 1 bit. Formula is 2^n(number of bits burrowed from host portion).

If we need to create 8 subnets network, we need to burrow 3 bits from the host portion (8bits) so it becomes 2^3 = 8. Now the host bits remains with 5 bits . Each subnet will have 32 ip addresses including NA and BA

Supernetting

Network Details

Assigned Networks:

192.168.0.0/24

192.168.1.0/24

192.168.2.0/24

192.168.3.0/24

These networks are contiguous and can be aggregated into a single larger network.

Steps for Supernetting

Identify Contiguous Networks:

The networks 192.168.0.0/24 to 192.168.3.0/24 are contiguous, meaning they can be combined into a larger network.

Convert to Binary:

Convert the network addresses to binary to find the common prefix:

192.168.0.0: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

192.168.1.0: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000

192.168.2.0: 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000

192.168.3.0: 11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000

Find the Common Prefix:

The first 22 bits are common across all four networks so it becomes /22 network:

Common prefix: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

Determine the Aggregated Network:

The common prefix corresponds to the network address 192.168.0.0 with a subnet mask of /22.

Aggregated network: 192.168.0.0/22

Configure the Aggregated Route:

On the routers, replace the individual routes with a single aggregated route:

Aggregated Route: 192.168.0.0/22

Summarize routes when multiple subnets share a common network prefix and are all reachable via the same next hop. This helps to reduce the complexity of the routing table.

Avoid summarizing if the subnets don’t share enough common bits in their addresses or if they need to go through different next-hop routers.

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Sample Exam Addressing_Routing - Solutions v3.pdf

308.4 kB

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Sample Exam Addressing_Routing v1-2.pdf

298.4 kB

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Practice Question.docx

352.8 kB

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Prac4_Subnetting_and_Supernetting_Solutions_v3.1.pdf

433 kB

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If you need to send data to another router’s devices you need to set the static routing and their NA and next hop is the destination routers ip address

Quick Formula for Each Address: Network Address (NA): text

where n starts at 0 for subnet 25

First Host: text First Host = NA + 1

Last Host: text Last Host = NA + 6

Broadcast: text BA = NA + 7

Memory Tips: Each subnet is 8 addresses (because it's a /29) First host is always NA + 1

Last host is always BA - 1

Last Host = Current Network Address + (Subnet Size - 2) Broadcast = Current Network Address + (Subnet Size - 1) For last 8 subnets, start at 192.168.0.192 and add 8 each time This method lets you quickly calculate the last 8 subnets out of 32 total subnets during an exam.

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IP address classes

IP address classes

First Octet Range

Class

First Bits

1 - 126

128 - 191

192 - 223

110

224 - 239

1,110

240 - 255

1,111

There are no rows in this table

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