Installation method that uses a file to answer all of the questions that are asked during the first bootup of the OS, so you don’t have to manually answer all of the bootup/download questions.

In-Place Upgrade

Installation method that upgrades by maintaining all of the previous OS version’s files, accounts, and permissions while upgrading the OS from a previous version to a newer version.

Clean Install

Installation method that completely erases the files and permission levels from the previous version of the OS when upgrading to a newer version of the OS.

Repair Installation

installation method that installs itself over the current version of windows on your computer so it repair any broken OS files and

Multiboot Installation

Boot method that allows two different OS to be installed on a PC at the same time. Only one OS can be booted at a time though.

Remote Network Installation

Installation of an OS and upgrades to any number of PCs at a time over the network using a server from a centralized location.

Image Deployment

imaging method that uses a complete image of a hard drive and is very useful when trying to image multiple identical PCs

Recovery Partition

section of a hard drive that contains files to reset a PCs settings back to its default factory conditions

Refresh/Restore (Repair)

installation method that lets you restore a PC’s OS version and and remove any bloatware

Partitioning: logical division of a hard disk. Typically created so the user can have multiple OS on one hard disk or create the appearance of having a separate hard drive.

Useful for maintaining separate operating systems; Linux, Windows, etc.

Volumes and Partitions are the same thing.

Volume = Partition

Partitioning Methods

Disk Types

Basic Disk is the most common type of partition widely used. It is categorized by its simplicity and it’s use of two styles of partitions: MBR and GUID partition table.

MBR (Master Boot Record) is a Legacy type of basic disk that contains the locations where partition tables are stored on the disk. This is the old standard partitioning method. There are two types of MBR Partitions: Primary & Extended.

Primary partition has bootable partitions, and a max of 4 primary partitions per hard drive and is most of the time used to store the system itself. Can only boot one OS from a primary partition.

Extended partition is used for extending the max # of available partitions, can only have one.

Most of the time users will use a combination of both such as 3 primary partitions and an extended partition with up to 128 primary logical drives.

GPT Partition (GUID) is the newer, more widely used method and Supports up to 128 primary partitions. This type requires UEFI or BIOS compatibility mode.

Dynamic Disk is a method that allows users to create as many volumes as they want. Dynamic disks can use noncontiguous space and support up to 128 volumes, and really infinite. (Volume =Partition)

Simple Volume

Acts like a primary partition on a dynamic disk (acts as a bootable drive). It contains disk space from only one hard disk

Spanned Volume

Volume that uses space on multiple dynamic disks, space is spread out. It contains disk space from multiple hard disks being grouped as a single logical volume.

Striped Volume

data is spread across two volumes for increased speed

Mirrored Volume

Volume that is mirrored on another volume, total redundancy.

RAID 5

requires 3 or more dynamic disks with the same amount of empty space.

Other Partitioning Methods

Hidden Partition is a partition type that is really just a hidden primary partition. It’s only accessible by special BIOS tools

Swap Partition is only available on linux and unix systems. It’s only job is to act like RAM when memory is low

After you create a partition on a system, you must then format it so it can store files.

Formatting is the process of making a freshly made partition into something that stores files.

You must format every partition/volume so that they can hold and retrieve data

Major Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows has the biggest marketplace share and usage. It is an open source OS. But because its so widely used, it’s increasingly more prone towards malware attacks.

Pros

Largest industry support

Broad selection of OS options

Large Software Support

Cons

Increased probability of malware attacks due to the large market presence and the OS being open source.

MacOS is the Operating System used by Apple. It is closed source witch means it’s OS can only be installed on Apple’s Computers.

Pros

Easy to pick up on and use. Smaller learning curve.

Less security concerns due to the OS being closed source.

Cons

Requires apple hardware

Less industry support

Higher cost

Linux is an open source operating system that is completely free and based on free code that is worked on by many.

Pros

Cost Free

Works on a large number of hardware

Passionate and active community keeps the OS patches up to date so the OS is fairly secure.

Cons

Limited Driver support

Operating System Technologies

There are two OS technologies: 32-Bit & 64-Bit. Meaning there are only two versions of all the Operating Systems, which means the only key difference boils down to memory and ram. Each OS Technology has a max supported value quantity.

32-Bit Processors (x84) can store a max of 4GB. Meaning you can store as much memory as you like, but the system will only be able to use 4GB of it. Min of 1GB.

64-Bit (x64) Processors can store a max of 16 Exabytes of memory making it the fastest machine currently available. Min of 2GB.

32-Bit OS can run on 64-Bit, but it doesn’t work the other way around.

Hardware drivers are also specific to the Operating System Technology: 32-Bit drivers to 32-Bit OS and 64-Bit drivers to 64-Bit OS.

Operating System Categories

Server

server operating systems allow for the sharing of information and applications from workstation operating systems. The operating system is optimized for background processes used for access by clients, as opposed to the foreground processes, such as the GUI (graphical user interface)

Workstation

workstation operating systems allow end users to access information and applications on server operating systems as well as independently run applications locally, This type of OS is optimized for foreground processes, such as the GUI.

Mobile

mobile operating systems are found on mobile devices such as phones and tablets. The mobile OS is generally optimized for touch-based devices where one program is used at a time.

Ex. iOS16

Cloud-Based

a new breed of emerging operating systems

considered state-less operating systems, since personal data is not store on the device, but in the cloud.

Ex. ChromeOS on chromebooks

Mobile Operating Systems

Android

Open source mobile OS based on Linux.

Large majority of market presence.

iOS

Mobile OS used on Apple’s phones & tablets.

Closed source and only works on apple’s devices.

Apps only available on the app store and must be approved by apple before release.

Windows Mobile

No longer in active support and has been terminated since 2019

ChromeOS

Google’s mobile OS only used on chromebooks.

Popular due to the fact that mostly all the apps are web-based and there’s less need for local resources.

You need internet to use chromebooks because it is a true cloud-based operating system due to the fact that all of its data is stored in the google drive cloud storage system.

Vendor Specific Limitations: in the case of vendor specific operating systems, the vendor is free to establish licensing, pricing, and availability of the code. Meaning that in some cases, certain operating systems can only be installed on certain hardware requirements.

End Of Life is a term used to describe software that has reached the end of it’s usefulness. This normally means vendor support is ended as well. This is completely up to the vendor, as different companies have different EOL policies.

When the EOL is reached, driver and software updates are no longer available, which creates vulnerabilities and makes for obvious security concerns.

Update Limitations: As described earlier, Software updates can be discontinued for EOL systems. The update limitations can also be enforced on unlicensed software.

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