Collective Research

First Debate

Gaps in the theory / missing links

Sources/citations

Minecraft recreation of Richat-Atlantis

Opera: Atlas Chained

Documentary brainstorm

Atlantis Together Documentary Critiques

Structure of Documentary

Explore

Bronze age collapse

Sea peoples - Atlantic empire comparison

Confederation of kings:

PLATO: (119c) Of the magistracies and posts of honor the disposition, ever since the beginning, was this. Each of the ten kings ruled over the men and most of the laws in his own particular portion and throughout his own city, punishing and putting to death whomsoever he willed. But their authority over one another and their mutual relations were governed by the precepts of Poseidon, as handed down to them by the law and by the records inscribed by the first princes on a pillar of orichalcum, which was placed within the temple of Poseidon in the center of the island; (119d) and thither they assembled every fifth year, and then alternately every sixth year—giving equal honor to both the even and the odd—and when thus assembled they took counsel about public affairs and inquired if any had in any way transgressed and gave judgement.

And when they were about to give judgement they first gave pledges one to another of the following description. In the sacred precincts of Poseidon there were bulls at large; and the ten princes, being alone by themselves, after praying to the God that they might capture a victim well-pleasing unto him, (119e) hunted after the bulls with staves and nooses but with no weapon of iron; and whatsoever bull they captured they led up to the pillar and cut its throat over the top of the pillar, raining down blood on the inscription. And inscribed upon the pillar, besides the laws, was an oath which invoked mighty curses upon them that disobeyed.

When, then, they had done sacrifice according to their laws and were consecrating (120a) all the limbs of the bull, they mixed a bowl of wine and poured in on behalf of each one a gout of blood, and the rest they carried to the fire, when they had first purged the pillars round about. And after this they drew out from the bowl with golden ladles, and making libation over the fire swore to give judgement according to the laws upon the pillar and to punish whosoever had committed any previous transgression; and, moreover, that henceforth they would not transgress any of the writings willingly, nor govern nor submit to any governor's edict (120b) save in accordance with their father's laws. And when each of them had made this invocation both for himself and for his seed after him, he drank of the cup and offered it up as a gift in the temple of the God; and after spending the interval in supping and necessary business,

when darkness came on and the sacrificial fire had died down, all the princes robed themselves in most beautiful sable vestments, and sate on the ground beside the cinders of the sacramental victims throughout the night, extinguishing all the fire that was round about the sanctuary; (120c) and there they gave and received judgement, if any of them accused any of committing any transgression. And when they had given judgement, they wrote the judgements, when it was light, upon a golden tablet, and dedicated them together with their robes as memorials.

And there were many other special laws concerning the peculiar rights of the several princes, whereof the most important were these: that they should never take up arms against one another, and that, should anyone attempt to overthrow in any city their royal house, they should all lend aid, taking counsel in common, like their forerunners, (120d) concerning their policy in war and other matters, while conceding the leadership to the royal branch of Atlas; and that the king had no authority to put to death any of his brother-princes save with the consent of more than half of the ten.

Such was the magnitude and character of the power which existed in those regions at that time; and this power the God set in array and brought against these regions of ours on some such pretext as the following, according to the story. For many generations, (120e) so long as the inherited nature of the God remained strong in them, they were submissive to the laws and kindly disposed to their divine kindred. For the intents of their hearts were true and in all ways noble, and they showed gentleness joined with wisdom in dealing with the changes and chances of life and in their dealings one with another. Consequently they thought scorn of everything save virtue and lightly esteemed their rich possessions, bearing with ease (121a) the burden, as it were, of the vast volume of their gold and other goods; and thus their wealth did not make them drunk with pride so that they lost control of themselves and went to ruin; rather, in their soberness of mind they clearly saw that all these good things are increased by general amity combined with virtue, whereas the eager pursuit and worship of these goods not only causes the goods themselves to diminish but makes virtue also to perish with them. As a result, then, of such reasoning and of the continuance of their divine nature all their wealth had grown to such a greatness as we previously described.

Atlas and Gades regio Gadeirus country Eumelus (Cadiz?) Γαδειρικῆς Γάδειρον Εὔμηλον - Hübner also argued, that Agadir is etymologically related to the semitic g-d-r and probably to Plato's Gadir. The semitic g-d-r means enclosure, fortification and sheep fold.[54] The meaning of enclosure, sheep fold corresponds to the Greek translation of the name Gadeiros (Crit. 114b) which is Eumelos = Rich in Sheep SHEEP DOMESTICATED

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/moroccos-tree-climbing-goats⁠

sheep goat beast. North African sheep 18.000: Saxon, E. C. et al. ‘‘Results of Recent Investigations at Tamar Hat.’’ Libyca 22 (1974): 49-92. tamar hat site sheep 94% of faunal remains settegast 36 eumelos many sheep, herding pattern culling pattern young males and old females, no need to hunt them Ampheres Ἀμφήρη αμφερω αναφερω in veiligheid brengen, terugbrengen, verband brengen and Evaemon Εὐαίμονα Haemon bloed geslacht Mneseus Μνησέα μνησω μιμνεσκω herinneren and Autochton ΑὐτόχθοναFrom αὐτο- (auto-, “self”) +‎ χθών (khthṓn, “earth, soil”), sprung from the land itself. Elasippus (Lisbon) Ἐλάσιππον ελαν ελαυνω ιππος voortdrijven paard and Mestor Μήστορα μηστωρ raadgever bestuurder Azaes Ἀζάης α ζαω non living, afterlife? and Diaprepes Διαπρέπης δια +gen door middel van πρεσβυς oud eerbiedig wijs gewichtig σβ π crasis contraction CRITIAS 114A-C

Atlas Gades Ampheres Evaemon Mneseus Autochton Elasippos Mestor Azaes Diaprepes

SEA PEOPLES CONFEDERATION: Peleset (Philistines, Greek) Tjeker (Trojans?) Denyen (Danaoi, also mercenaries) Lukka (Lycia) Sherden (Sardinians) Shekelesh (Sicily) Ekwesh (Achaeans) Weshesh (?) Teresh (Etruscans = Thyrrenia?) Meshwesh (Amazigh) Libu (Libya), Temehu, Tenehu (Berbers)

The foreign countries (i.e. Sea Peoples) made a conspiracy in their islands. All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray. No land could stand before their arms: from Hatti (Hittites), Qode, Carchemish, Arzawa and Alashiya (Cyprus) on, being destroyed at onece. A camp was set up in Amurru. They desolated its people, and its land was like that which has never come into being. They were coming forward toward Egypt, while the flame was prepared before them. Their confederation was the Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen and Weshesh, (Philistines, Tyrrhenians, Sicilians, Danuna and Berbers?) lands united. They laid their hands upon the land as far as the circuit of the earth, their hearts confident and trusting: 'Our plans will succeed! (Medinet Habu inscriptions)

ATLANTEAN CONFEDERATION:

PLATO: 114c All these and their descendants for many generations were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the open sea; and also, as has been already said, they held sway in our direction over the country within the Pillars as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia.

These various geographical descriptions: ‘as far as the circuit of the earth’, ‘foreign islands’, ‘islands in the open sea’, ‘the country within the pillars as far as Egypt’, and the link with the Libyans, might have implied a historical idea of a loose confederation of city kingdoms from around the western mediterranean, including the aegean, bus also Sicily, Sardinia, and Berbers from the entire mediterranean Sahara, which stretched untill ‘the western most end of the world’, up to Egypt on the Western side of the Nile Basin.

LYBIANS

Atlas = Libyan tribes (Meshwesh, Weshesh?) Gades = Cadiz (Gadir Phoenician), Tartessos

Before I begin my account, there is still a small point which I ought to explain, lest you should be surprised at frequently hearing Greek names given to barbarians. The reason of this you shall now learn. Since Solon was planning to make use of the story for his own poetry, he had found, on investigating the meaning of the names, that those Egyptians who had first written them down had translated them into their own tongue. So he himself in turn recovered the original sense of each name and, rendering it into our tongue, (113b) wrote it down so. And these very writings were in the possession of my grandfather and are actually now in mine, and when I was a child I learnt them all by heart. Therefore if the names you hear are just like our local names, do not be at all astonished; for now you know the reason for them.

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https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/elasippos/⁠

https://assassinscreed.fandom.com/wiki/Azaes⁠

Azaes' name is negative of the Greek word ζαής, which means 'stormy, strong-blowing Διαπρέπης means "distinguished")

The Peleset (Philistines): Possible Origin: Aegean region. Etymology: The name "Peleset" is believed to be related to the biblical term "Philistines."

The Tjeker: Possible Origin: Ancient Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) or Greek islands. Etymology: The origin of the name "Tjeker" is unclear, but it may be related to the Greek word "Teukroi," referring to the Trojans.

The Denyen (Danaans): Possible Origin: Various regions in the eastern Mediterranean, possibly mainland Greece. Etymology: "Denyen" may be related to the Greek term "Danaans," which refers to a mythical people associated with the city of Argos.

The Lukka: Possible Origin: Regions in Anatolia, such as Lycia or southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). Etymology: The name "Lukka" may be related to the ancient region of Lycia.

The Sherden: Possible Origin: Sardinia or other parts of the western Mediterranean. Etymology: The origin of the name "Sherden" is uncertain, but it is associated with the Sherden warriors in various historical records.

The Shekelesh: Possible Origin: Regions in the eastern Mediterranean, such as Cyprus or the Levant. Etymology: The etymology of "Shekelesh" remains uncertain.

The Ekwesh: Possible Origin: Aegean islands or the Greek mainland. Etymology: The name "Ekwesh" may be related to the term "Achaeans," a group of ancient Greeks.

The Weshesh: Possible Origin: Western Mediterranean, possibly the region of ancient Libya or western Anatolia. Etymology: The etymology of "Weshesh" is unclear.

The Teresh (Tereshians): Possible Origin: The Teresh are sometimes associated with the Tyrrhenians or Etruscans, suggesting an origin in Italy. Etymology: The name "Teresh" may be related to the Etruscan people of Italy.

Alashiya Cyprus

Karkisha, Lukka, Sherden, Eqwesh, Shekelesh, Teresh, Denyen, Peleset, Tjekker, Weshesh - LIBU

Sea peoples invasion: Make checklist sea peoples and Plato war Composed of various ethnicities from Lybia, Eurpe, Tuscany, Egypt, Asia checklist apart of onderdeel van richat vergelijking? 9-10 distinct small allied groups confederation of kings or princes Helped by Lybians Unidentified origin Seafaring trade Chariot warfare Egyptians survived cyclopean walls Specific names Greeks destroyed by earthquake Greeks and others lost their writing, but not the Egyptians Giant number of warriors Unprovoked attack https://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/sea.htm Compare Greeks with Minoans No memory remained of Sea peoples/Atlanteans

https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4986332/mod_resource/content/1/THE%20MYSTERY%20OF%20THE%20SEA%20PEOPLES.%20Eric%20H.%20Cline%20and%20David%20OConnor.pdf⁠

ORIGINAL SOURCES! (END OF DOCUMENT)

https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip8.pdf⁠

egyptian depiction and wall carvings sea peoples and context

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy⁠

https://youtu.be/01eyTLfFJqQ?si=fXEZ7-JAIzzBLLXJ⁠

coalition of tribes lands reach to the end of the workd

https://www.atlantis-scout.de/HofmannU_2005_AtlantisBronzeAgeMetropolisNorthAfrica.pdf⁠

arguments west libya bronze age sea peoples Atlantis

http://web.archive.org/web/20060508023110/http://webpages.charter.net/anthropogene/arc_vol3_is3.html⁠

atlantis sea peoples details vs myth MINOANS NOT GREEK MAAR MYCENEANS WEL!!!

https://youtu.be/q9jqwLYeVtk?si=64n02RpM_Br6YXlW⁠

sea peoples

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276074153_Drought_and_societal_collapse_3200years_ago_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_A_review⁠

climate change bronze age collapse tijdens deze oorlog was een periode van 50 jaar waarin een serie aan aardbevingen plaatsvondt vanwege een slip tussen de europese en afrikaanse platen, en hierdoor is mycene ook vernietigd en dat vulkanische eiland santorini, en waarschijnlijk is er in deze periode ook een aardbeving geweest in de richat waar toen nog water uit de grond en regen kwam, waardoor het overstroomde en daarna opdroogde Overatroming NA de oorlog, dus waarom klimaat vluchtelingen Atlantis?

https://youtu.be/2zRK_CWjIyc?si=NjaDuQZbnHp_NwHh⁠

perire war

https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/sea-peoples-2/⁠

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_people⁠

https://maritimehistorypodcast.com/ep-014-the-amarna-letters-and-some-lukkan-pirates/⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_helmet⁠

https://abalinx.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sea-Peoples-and-the-Trojan-War.pdf⁠

http://westerncivilisationamaic.blogspot.com/2013/03/sea-peoples-and-atlantis.html?m=1⁠

atlantis sea peoples belangrijk Compile ancient sources sea peoples genesis geschreven na bronze age collapse dus geschiedenis vergeten kaologoeie vid, horned helmets:

https://youtu.be/8IUWvk4MuNw?si=bvSWweX2PbMENdaR⁠

small round shields sherden

https://youtu.be/2zRK_CWjIyc?si=NjaDuQZbnHp_NwHh⁠

animatir Perire war CONFEDERATION OF KINGS IN TGEIR ISLANDS UNTILL CIRCLR KF THE EARTH https://youtu.be/s-J8VGFG1Bg?si=FmkXg6BhtCsxiEYl bronze age collapse details https://luwianstudies.org/hypotheses-regarding-the-sea-peoples-invasions/

https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/sea-peoples-2/⁠

https://www.academia.edu/41864067/The_Dynamics_of_Mediterranean_Africa_ca_9600_1000_bc_An_Interpretative_Synthesis_of_Knowns_and_Unknowns⁠

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340594821_How_Not_to_Join_the_Dots_Remarks_on_a_Flawed_Recent_Attempt_to_Locate_Atlantis⁠

https://phoenician.org/sea_peoples/⁠

https://www.atlantis-scout.de/atlantis_topics.htm⁠

Guanches pyramid Güímar

https://www.arcus-atlantis.org.uk/atlantis/atlantis-and-the-lure-of-egypt.html⁠

Canaan chariot warfare classical vs ancient greece EGYPT AND SEA PEOPLES:

https://youtu.be/P9VChnOS8oQ?si=lulgYRQYefqptC9M⁠

peleset stationed in israel when part of egypt buffer state against invaders and tax etruscans minoans hittites troy luwians sea peoples maroicos islands phramuds philistines amasis akhenaten meshwesh cartgagi amazgha myceneans tartessos Earthquake seapeoples famine Knossos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_people⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subartu⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamazi⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteocretan_language⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines#/media/File:Philistine_captives_at_Medinet_Habu.jpg⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshwesh⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele exaggerated military numbers 9000 bows

https://www.temehu.com/Temehu.htm⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage⁠

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havens_van_Carthago⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_(granary)⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_King_List⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Environmental⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tichitt_culture⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekelesh⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeker⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Wenamun⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denyen⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weshesh⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norax⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples⁠

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23Bq-X5DbwU&t=88s&ab_channel=History%26War⁠

Many, in truth, and great are the achievements of your State, which are a marvel to men as they are here recorded; but there is one which stands out above all (24e) both for magnitude and for nobleness. For it is related in our records how once upon a time your State stayed the course of a mighty host, which, starting from a distant point in the Atlantic ocean, was insolently advancing to attack the whole of Europe, and Asia to boot. For the ocean there was at that time navigable; for in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the pillars of Heracles,' (...) Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvellous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent; and, moreover, (25b) of the lands here within the Straits they ruled over Libya as far as Egypt, and over Europe as far as Tuscany. So this host, being all gathered together, made an attempt one time to enslave by one single onslaught both your country and ours and the whole of the territory within the Straits. (Timaeus 24e-25b)

As regards their manpower, it was ordained that each allotment should furnish one man as leader of all the men in the plain who were fit to bear arms; (119a) and the size of the allotment was about ten times ten stades, and the total number of all the allotments was 60,000; and the number of the men in the mountains and in the rest of the country was countless, according to the report, and according to their districts and villages they were all assigned to these allotments under their leaders. So it was ordained that each such leader should provide for war the sixth part of a war-chariots equipment, so as to make up 10,000 chariots in all, together with two horses and mounted men; (119b) also a pair of horses without a car, and attached thereto a combatant with a small shield and for charioteer the rider who springs from horse to horse; and two hoplites; and archers and slingers, two of each; and light-armed slingers and javelin-men, three of each; and four sailors towards the manning of twelve hundred ships. Such then were the military dispositions of the royal City; and those of the other nine varied in various ways, which it would take a long time to tell.

The Libyans, who inhabited the region known as Libya in North Africa during and before the Bronze Age collapse (circa 1200 BCE), are a historically significant group with limited direct documentation from that time. However, scholars have pieced together information from various sources to gain insights into the Libyans of this era: Origins and Geography: The term "Libyans" in ancient sources referred to a diverse group of peoples who lived in the North African region. They inhabited the coastal areas as well as the interior regions of modern Libya and parts of neighboring countries, such as Tunisia and Algeria. Tribal Structure: The Libyans were organized into various tribes and clans. These groups had distinct names and often engaged in both trade and conflicts with neighboring peoples. Trade and Interaction: The Libyans were active participants in trade networks that connected the Mediterranean world. They traded various goods, including precious metals, ivory, textiles, and possibly exotic goods from sub-Saharan Africa. Contact with Ancient Egypt: The Egyptians had interactions with the Libyans, both peaceful and through military campaigns. The Libyans are mentioned in Egyptian inscriptions and records, and they sometimes served as mercenaries in Egyptian armies.

Bronze Age Collapse: During the Bronze Age collapse (circa 1200 BCE), there was widespread upheaval and migration in the eastern Mediterranean and surrounding regions. The Libyans may have been affected by these events, with some groups potentially participating in migrations or conflicts. Language: The Libyans likely spoke various languages, but the historical records do not provide detailed linguistic information. The languages of ancient North Africa remain subjects of study and debate among linguists. Religion and Culture: Information about Libyan religious practices and culture during this period is limited. However, archaeological evidence, such as burial sites and artifacts, provides some insights into their material culture. Later Historical References: In later periods, the Libyans continued to play a role in North African and Mediterranean history. For example, they were mentioned in the context of conflicts with the Greeks and Romans. The Berbers, including the Sanhaja Berbers, were indeed known during the period of the Bronze Age and well before that. They are one of the indigenous peoples of North Africa, with a long history in the region. Here are some key points about the Berbers and their interactions during ancient times: Ancient Origins: The Berbers are among the indigenous peoples of North Africa, and their history in the region dates back thousands of years. They had established their own communities, cultures, and languages long before the Bronze Age. Trade and Interaction: The Berbers were active participants in trade networks that connected North Africa to the Mediterranean world and beyond. They traded various goods, including precious metals, salt, and other commodities. These trade connections brought them into contact with other ancient civilizations, including those in the Mediterranean and the Saharan region. Conflict and Diplomacy: Like other peoples of the region, the Berbers had interactions, both peaceful and through conflict, with neighboring groups. These interactions sometimes involved trade partnerships and alliances, as well as disputes over territory or resources. Egyptian and Roman Records: Berber tribes and regions are mentioned in historical records from ancient civilizations like Egypt and Rome. These records provide some insights into the Berbers' presence and their interactions with neighboring cultures. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: It's important to note that the Berbers are not a homogeneous group but a diverse collection of tribes and communities, each with its own cultural practices and languages. Berber languages belong to the Afroasiatic language family, and several Berber dialects exist. Saharan Trade Routes: The Saharan region, including areas inhabited by the Sanhaja Berbers, played a significant role in the trans-Saharan trade routes. The Sanhaja Berbers, along with other Saharan groups, were involved in the trade of goods such as gold, salt, and other commodities. ancient Saharan populations engaged in subsistence strategies such as pastoralism, hunting, and the use of oases for water resources.

The Bronze Age, marked by significant advancements in metallurgy and trade, witnessed the emergence of complex civilizations around the Mediterranean and beyond. One intriguing hypothesis posits that the Berber peoples inhabiting the Sahara, including the Sanhaja from the Adrar region, played a crucial role in this era's trade networks. This essay argues that the Berber peoples of the Sahara actively engaged in trade with various Bronze Age civilizations, including the ancient Egyptians. Their region's abundant resources, including gold, tin, iron, silver, and ivory, made them valuable trade partners. Moreover, their unique access to tin, a vital component in bronze production, may have facilitated their integration into Bronze Age trade networks. The essay also explores the possibility that during the Bronze Age Collapse, Libyan and Berber populations could have participated in both peaceful and semi-aggressive migrations to the Mediterranean region.

The Sahara region during the Bronze Age was not the arid desert we know today; instead, it featured a more temperate climate and a Sahel that stretched farther north. This environment allowed the Berber peoples to thrive, particularly due to the rich natural resources found in their lands. These resources included substantial deposits of gold, tin, iron, and silver, which were highly sought after by advanced Bronze Age civilizations (Sulas, 2010). Additionally, the Berbers' access to elephants enabled them to accumulate significant quantities of ivory, a luxury item with high demand in the ancient world (Brett, 2007).

One of the most critical resources controlled by the Berbers was tin. Tin was a vital component in the production of bronze, a revolutionary alloy that greatly advanced weaponry, tools, and art during the Bronze Age (Kelleher, 2015). Unlike other regions, such as the Mediterranean, which lacked significant tin deposits, the Sahara Berbers had access to this critical resource (Brett, 2007). This unique advantage likely made them sought-after trade partners for Bronze Age civilizations, including the ancient Egyptians.

The ancient Egyptians were well-known for their pursuit of valuable resources, and they maintained extensive trade networks (Shaw, 2019). Given the proximity of Egypt to North Africa and the Sahara, it is plausible that the Berbers engaged in trade with the Egyptians. Their abundant resources, especially tin, would have been highly attractive to the Egyptians, as they would not have had easy access to tin mines in the Mediterranean region.

The Bronze Age Collapse, characterized by widespread upheaval and migrations, presents an intriguing possibility regarding the Berber and Libyan populations. As the eastern Mediterranean was plunged into turmoil, including invasions by the Sea Peoples, it is plausible that some Berber and Libyan groups could have joined this semi-aggressive, semi-peaceful migration to the Mediterranean region (Cline, 2014). While the evidence is limited and indirect, the climate change and environmental pressures of the time might have motivated groups to seek new lands and opportunities.

While the hypothesis of Berber involvement in Bronze Age trade networks and migrations is compelling, several challenges exist. The lack of direct historical records from the Bronze Age Sahara makes it challenging to provide concrete evidence for trade and migration. Researchers must rely on indirect sources such as archaeology, paleoclimatology, and linguistics, which provide only partial insights. Additionally, the complexities of climate change and human migration require interdisciplinary research to build a comprehensive understanding.

The Berber peoples of the Sahara, including the Sanhaja from the Adrar region, inhabited a resource-rich environment during the Bronze Age, making them valuable trade partners. Their access to essential resources, particularly tin, could have facilitated trade with Bronze Age civilizations like the ancient Egyptians. Furthermore, the Bronze Age Collapse raises the intriguing possibility of Berber and Libyan involvement in Mediterranean migrations, though direct evidence remains elusive. Continued interdisciplinary research is necessary to shed further light on these ancient interactions and migrations, providing a more comprehensive understanding of North African history during the Bronze Age.

Brett, M. (2007). The Berbers. Wiley-Blackwell. Cline, E. H. (2014). 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton University Press. Kelleher, C. A. (2015). Tin in Antiquity: Its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall. The Edwin Mellen Press. Shaw, I. (2019). Ancient Egyptian Warfare: A Brief Overview. In D. L. McInerney (Ed.), A Companion to Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean (pp. 1-19). Wiley-Blackwell. Sulas, F. (2010). The Central Sahara During the Neolithic Period (Sixth to Fourth Millennium BC): Environmental Conditions and Human Occupation Patterns. African Archaeological Review, 27(4), 297-331.

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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondergang_van_het_internationale_systeem_aan_het_einde_van_de_Late_Bronstijd⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryey⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perire⁠

great karnak inscription translation

https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY0NzQzOF9fQU41?sid=8d122c11-f4b9-4529-a01c-ef76070229bc@redis&vid=4&format=EB&lpid=lp_143&rid=0⁠

https://www.warlordgames.com/history-sea-peoples/⁠

https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.10.43/⁠

http://westerncivilisationamaic.blogspot.com/2013/03/sea-peoples-and-atlantis.html?m=1⁠

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)?searchToken=98vcb7v0nbdujp5vqfvv9k3mj#Egyptian_sources⁠

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherden⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Walter_K%C3%BChne⁠

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age⁠

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessos#⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Schulten⁠

http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kuhne300/⁠

https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/tag/rainer-kuhne/⁠

https://atlantisforschung.de/index.php?title=Rainer_W._K%C3%BChne⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse⁠

SEARCH EAERTHQUAKE MYCENAE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_Troy⁠

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