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Gaps in the theory / missing links

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Minecraft recreation of Richat-Atlantis

Opera: Atlas Chained

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Atlantis Together Documentary Critiques

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Fictional elements of the story

Greco-Phoenician mythology

Erythia near the Pillars of Hercules, called Kerne and Cerne

The island Erythia, near the Pillars of Hercules, also appears in antiquity under the names Kerne and Cerne.

The Greek geographers had considered for a long time that the island Kerne, or Kernes, situated in the old Ocean (Eustathius, Comentarii in Dionysium, ad. v. 218), might have been located at the western straits of the Mediterranean, the place where they thought the Pillars of Hercules must have once existed (Hannonis Carthaginiensis, Periplus, c. 8; Scylax, Periplus, 5. 112; Dionysius, Orbis Descriptio, v. 219; Palaephatius, Incred. c. 33 – Cf. Geographi graeci minores, Vol. I. Ed. Didot, pag. 6-7).

But, like the Pillars of Hercules, which were never found on the western parts of the Mediterranean at the straits today called Gibraltar, similarly it was never ascertained that an island named Cerne had existed there. Regarding this, Strabo writes the following: the island Cerne, which Erathosthenes mentions near the Pillars of Hercules, doesn’t exist anywhere (Geogr. Lib. I. 3. 2).

Pliny the Old believed in the existence of this island, but its position was an enigma for him.

He tried first to locate it in front of the Persian Gulf, but was compelled to declare that he didn’t know either its size, or its distance from the continent. Then, based on Ephor’s testimony, he mentioned some columns, which were near this island. These were the legendary Pillars of Hercules .

According to Pliny, as well as to other authors of the antiquity, the island Cerne was inhabited by Ethiopians. But, what sort of Ethiopians? This is a geographical question, about which a lot has been written.

Homer mentions two ethnic groups of Ethiopians. Some of these dwelt in the east, while others dwelt near Oceanos potamos, the place where, according to the old traditions, the sun set.

These latter Ethiopians are also called esperioi, westerners, or from the western regions (Strabo, II. 5. 15), the most extreme people known to the Greeks, virtuous and saintly. The western Ethiopians, or from near Oceanos potamos, are the men favored by gods. According to Stephanos Byzantinos they (Aithiops) were the first to revere the gods, the first who used laws; and the founders of their civilisation had been Mithras and Phlegyas. Jove and all the gods attend their solemn banquets, when they sacrifice hundreds (hecatombs) of bulls and lambs (Homer, Odyss. I. 23; Iliad, I. 428; XXIII. 205).

With the poet Pindar, these latter Ethiopians appear under the name of Hyperboreans (Pyth. X. 30 seqq), and with Dionysius Periegetus, under the name of Macrobii, meaning the long lived people.

Hesiod places geographically the Ethiopians with the Ligyiens and the Ippomolgian Scythians (Fragm. 132). According to Eschyl (Prom. vinct. 808. 809) they dwelt near the gold rich Arimaspians, and according to Dionysius Periegetus they lived in the beautiful valleys of Kernes / Cerne (v. 218 seqq), or near Erythia, close to the Atlas mountain (Ibid. v. 558-560; Avienus, v. 738 seqq).

According to Scylax they were the most handsome and tall among all the known peoples. They dressed in multicoloured clothes, had beards and long hair, were skilful riders, archers and fighters. The Phoenician merchants sold them bottles and earthenware. They ate meat, drank milk and produced a lot of wine, which the Phoenicians bought from them.

But, because of the geographical confusion with the Ethiopians of Africa, the texts of the ancient authors about the Ethiopians from the Oceanos potamos are full of errors and interpolations. Today it is difficult to understand the origin of the name Ethiopians, given to the inhabitants of that region close to the island of Cerne, or the cataracts of the Istru. It is sure though that the Greeks generally understood under the name of Ethiopians, people burnt by the sun, and that they had applied this name not only to part of the Pelasgians who dwelt on the north side of the Istru, but also to the Pelasgians from the islands of Samothrace and Lesbos (Pauly, R. E. I. 1839 see Aethiopia).

The Ethiopians from near the Pillars of Hercules were shown in the old geographical descriptions as a people rich in gold (Mela, III. 9; Herodotus, III. 145, IV. 196).

Finally, in another place in his natural history, Pliny considers the island Cerne to be situated close to Africa, but in an unspecified Ocean (H. N. X. 9. 2).

The Orphic literature throws an important light on this state of confusion of the old geographical ideas regarding the location of the island Cerne. In the epic poem titled “Argonautica”, attributed to Orpheus, whose geographical background hails from very remote times, is mentioned the island called ‘Iernis , situated in the big river Oceanos, at the straits of Riphaei mountains, upstream from those rocks, perilous for navigation (Ed. Schneider, 1803, v. 1166. 1181. 1123).

Those who have considered the island Iernis as identical to Hibernia (Ireland), have taken into account only the simple name resemblance, but not at all the geographical location indicated by the Orphic poem]

From the form of its name and its geographical position, the island Iernis from Orpheus’ Argonautica is one and the same with Kerne or Cerne of Eratosthenes, and this is entirely identical with the famous island of Geryon, Erythia.

According to Diodorus Siculus (III. 54. 4), the island Cerne was near the mountain Atlas, close to the Amazons, therefore also in the northern region. And according to Palaephat (Incred. c. 33), Phorcys, the father of the Gorgons, of the Hesperides and of the dragon who guarded the gold apples near Atlas mountain, was a native of the island Cerne].

According to the old geographical descriptions, Erythia, exactly like Cerne, is the first island near the Pillars of Hercules, situated in the mountain strait, beyond the perilous strip of rocks which spread through the river bed from one bank to the other.

Atlas:

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60⁠

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After the death of Hyperion,

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the myth relates, the kingdom was divided among the sons of Uranus, the most renowned of whom were Atlas and Cronus. Of these sons Atlas received as his part the regions on the coast of the ocean, and he not only gave the name of Atlantians to his peoples but likewise called the greatest mountain in the land Atlas.

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They also say that he perfected the science of astrology and was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of the sphere;

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and it was for this reason that the idea was held that the entire heavens were supported upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting in this way at his discovery and description of the sphere. There were born to him a number of sons, one of whom was distinguished above the others for his piety, justice to his subjects, and love of mankind, his name being Hesperus.

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This king, having once climbed to the peak of Mount Atlas, was suddenly snatched away by mighty winds while he was making his observations of the stars, and never was seen again; and because of the virtuous life he had lived and their pity for his sad fate the multitudes accorded to him immortal honours and called the brightest

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of the stars of heaven after him.

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Atlas, the myth goes on to relate, also had seven daughters, who as a group were called Atlantides

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after their father, but their individual names were Maea, Electra, Taÿgetê, Steropê, Meropê, Halcyonê, and the last Celaeno. These daughters lay with the most renowned heroes and gods and thus became the first ancestors of the larger part of the race of human beings, giving birth to those who, because of their high achievements, came to be called gods and heroes; Maea the eldest, for instance, lay with Zeus and bore Hermes, who was the discoverer of many things for the use of mankind; similarly the other Atlantides also gave birth to renowned children, who became the founders in some instances of nations in other cases of cities.

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Consequently, not only among certain barbarians but among the Greeks as well, the great majority of the most ancient heroes trace their descent back to the Atlantides. These daughters were also distinguished for their chastity and after their death attained to immortal honour among men, by whom they were both enthroned in the heavens and endowed with the appellation of Pleiades.

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The Atlantides were also called "nymphs" because the natives of that land addressed their women by the common appellation of "nymph."

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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3D*.html⁠

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[4.27.4] Meanwhile the pirates had seized the girls while they were playing in a certain garden and carried them off, and fleeing swiftly to their ships had sailed away with them. Heracles came upon the pirates as they were taking their meal on a certain strand, and learning from the maidens what had taken place he slew the pirates to a man and brought the girls back to Atlas their father; and in return Atlas was so grateful to Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly gave him such assistance as his Labour called for, but he also instructed him quite freely in the knowledge of astrology.

[4.27.5] For Atlas had worked out the science of astrology to a degree surpassing others had had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature of the stars,76 and for that reason was generally believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne, wince men intimated in this enigmatic way what had actually taken place.

https://www.theoi.com/Text/DiodorusSiculus4B.html⁠

This mythologised picture of the inhabitants of the farthest region of the world is what influenced the Atlantis story to take on its more mythological traits, through thr Egyptian priest, Solon and Plato. This should not be taken literally, but rather be understood as the perspective with which the ANCIENT PEOPLE looked at the past.

In his account of the Libyan Amazons and the Atlanteans, the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE) described a marsh (or alluvium) called Tritonis which lay on an island Hespera. This island was located in West Africa at the Atlantic Ocean, close to the Atlas mountains: "[...] As mythology relates, their home [the home of the Libyan Amazons] was on an island which, because it was in the west, was called Hespera, and it lay in the marsh Tritonis. This marsh was near the ocean which surrounds the earth [the Atlantic Ocean] and received its name from a certain river Triton which emptied into it; and this marsh was also near Ethiopia and that mountain by the shore of the ocean which is the highest of those in the vicinity and impinges upon the ocean and is called by the Greeks Atlas. The island mentioned above was of great size and full of fruit-bearing trees of every kind, from which the natives secured their food. It contained also a multitude of flocks and herds, namely, of goats and sheep, from which possessors received milk and meat for their sustenance; but grain the nation used not at all because the use of this fruit of the earth had not yet been discovered among them. The Amazons, then, the account continues, being a race superior in valor and eager for war, first of all subdued all the cities on the island except the one called Menê, which was considered to be sacred and was inhabited by Ethiopian Ichthyophagi, and was also subject to great eruptions of fire and possessed a multitude of the precious stones which the Greeks call anthrax, sardion, and smaragdos; and after this they subdued many of the neighboring Libyans and nomad tribes, and founded within the marsh Tritonis a great city which they named Cherronesus after its shape." (Diodorus 3.53) "Setting out from the city of Cherronesus, the account continues, the Amazons embarked upon great ventures, a longing having come over them to invade many part of the inhabited world. The first people against whom they advanced, according to the tale, was the Atlanteans, the most civilized men among the inhabitants of those regions, who dwelt in a prosperous country and possessed great cities; it was among them, we are told, that mythology places the birth of the gods, in the regions which lie along the shore of the ocean, in this respect agreeing with those among the Greeks who relate legends, and about this we shall speak in detail a little later." (Diodorus 3.54) "[...] The story is also told that the marsh disappeared from sight in the course of an earthquake, when those parts of it which lay towards the ocean were torn asunder." (Diodorus 3.55) Since Diodorus described this large island Hespera, which was to the west, at the Atlantic, close to and south of* the Atlas, it should have been situated close to the SoussMassa plain, or more probably the SoussMassa plain itself. This conclusion was already made by (Berlioux, 1883). Since Diodorus' account refers to the Greek mythological era, we have a further indication, that this region was already known to the Greeks before the Greek Dark Ages. Interestingly, the analysis of Plato's account, by means of a hierarchical constraint satisfaction, points exactly to the same area described as the home of the Libyan Amazons. If we accord credibility to Diodorus, these Amazons subdued the Atlantioi, who have been the former inhabitants of the Souss-Massa plain. Therefore, it is very plausible that Plato's Atlanteans and Diodorus' Atlantioi are identical. Like Plato's Atlanteans, Diodorus' Libyan Amazons, in alliance with Atlanteans, invaded countries around the eastern Mediterranean Sea (e.g. today's Turkey) (Diodorus 3.55, 4-6). The description of the Libyan Amazons and their female leader Myrina corresponds to the * Since Diodorus mentioned that it was also close to Ethiopia (which means suntanned face), it should have been situated south of the High Atlas. 22 fact that the Amazight People have had a matriarchal culture. The terms Amazon ( μαζών) Ἀ ** and Amazight could be etymologically related (Rothery, 1910). Moreover, Diodorus described a great city within the Tritonis marsh (most probably the alluvial littoral zone in the Souss-Massa plain or the Souss-Massa plain itself) named Cherronesos (χεῤῥόνησος), which means Peninsula (presumably a city lay on a ridge of land running out into the plain, the marsh or sea). HUBNER CHECK OF OUDE BRONNENBWTROUWBAAR ZIJN

Mythology:

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tritonis⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereids⁠

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tritonis⁠

Earthquake because Poseidon earth-shaker, Geb laughing?

Atlantis = OF ATLAS

King Atlas =/= Titan Atlas

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African Greeks⁠

WIKI

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Greeks⁠

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena#Tritogeneia⁠

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tritonis⁠

catastrophe at a later time

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad⁠

coelifero atlante

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(mythology)⁠

King Atlas, King of Mauritania, Atlantic

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geryon⁠

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https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthesilea⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauroctony⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereids⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogygia⁠

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth⁠

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https://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanAtlas.html⁠

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans⁠

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Nephilim giants in the earth titans flood everywhere apocalypse Atlas

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Isles⁠

madeira elysium

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaeus⁠

amazigh amazons

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https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/bull-cult/⁠

triton lake trident?

Minoan bulls!!!

Alan Ginnsberg Howl Moloch eats childlike wonder

goliath david

PHAETON MYTH

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism#:~:text=Syncretism%20involves%20the%20merging%20or,inclusive%20approach%20to%20other%20faiths⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology⁠

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra⁠

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