Skip to content
Understand the difference between aerial imagery and a cartographically correct mapApply cartographic fundamentals to UAS-derived raster dataPractice file management and metadata organizationAnalyze DSM and orthomosaic data using ArcGIS ProCreate professional-quality map layouts using standard map elementsImprove the ability to interpret and describe spatial patterns in UAS data
Shaded DSM with Transparent DSM OverlayIncluded locator map of Wolf Paving within WisconsinOrthomosaic Map with GCP LocationsGCPs shown as point featuresZoomed-in inset maps for each GCPOrthomosaic with Reference GridIncluded reference grid for spatial orientation
Week 11
One of the most desired skills in the UAS industry is the ability to take data collected from unmanned aircraft systems and place it into the context of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for further analysis and interpretation. There is a major difference between a simple aerial image and a properly constructed map, and understanding this difference is essential when working with UAS data. A map must clearly communicate spatial information, while also following cartographic standards that make it readable and accurate.
In previous labs, geospatial core concepts such as coordinate systems, projections, and spatial data types were introduced. This lab built on those concepts by focusing on how to create functional, cartographically correct maps using UAS-derived raster data. The lab emphasized proper file management, metadata documentation, raster analysis, and map layout design using ArcGIS Pro. By applying cartographic fundamentals such as north arrows, scale bars, locator maps, metadata, and watermarks, this lab reinforced best practices that should be followed in all future mapping projects.
Objectives
The objectives of this lab were to:
Software Used
Overview of Map Fundamentals
Every map created in this lab was required to include several essential elements to ensure it met cartographic standards. These included a north arrow, scale bar, locator map, watermark, and data sources with metadata such as sensor type, flight altitude, UAS platform, and pilot. These elements allow the reader to understand where the data came from, how it was collected, and how it should be interpreted.
Metadata, while often overlooked, plays a critical role in working with UAS data. Metadata explains the context behind the dataset and allows others to assess accuracy, precision, and limitations. For this lab, metadata was included both within the map layout and documented as part of the dataset. A good practice discussed in the lab was creating a text file containing metadata and storing it within the same folder as the data to ensure it is never separated from the dataset.
Data Preparation and Project Setup
The first step in this lab involved proper data preparation and file organization. A folder titled username_UASmapdata was created in the C:\temp directory. The Wolfpaving_X5_processed dataset was copied from the AT309ClassData server into this folder. Since the temp directory can be cleared automatically, the completed folder was later copied into the student directory to ensure the data was saved.
Once the data was copied, ArcGIS Pro was opened and a new project was created inside the same folder containing the Wolf Paving data. This ensured all project files, connections, and outputs remained organized and easy to locate. Folder connections and database connections were established so the raster datasets could be accessed efficiently throughout the lab.
Navigating ArcGIS Pro and Raster Data
After the project was created, raster datasets such as the DSM and orthomosaic were added to the map. Raster symbology tools were used to adjust color schemes, mask settings, and visibility. Layer properties were reviewed to examine metadata, coordinate systems, and projections. Tools such as zoom, pan, swipe, and layer toggling were frequently used to compare datasets and explore spatial relationships.
The swipe tool was especially useful when comparing the orthomosaic to the DSM, as it allowed visual comparison of surface features and elevation changes. This helped connect what was visible in the imagery to what was represented in the elevation model.
Raster Analysis and Visualization
Raster analysis tools were used to further explore the data. Pyramids were built to improve performance and display speed when working with large raster datasets. Statistics were calculated for each raster to better understand the range of values present in the DSM.
Hillshades were generated using both traditional and multidirectional methods. Hillshading enhanced the visualization of terrain and surface features by simulating light and shadow. The original DSM was then symbolized using a color ramp and placed transparently over the shaded relief, which improved interpretation of elevation changes and surface patterns.
Part 1: Critical Thought Questions
Why are proper cartographic skills essential in working with UAS data?
Proper cartographic skills are essential because UAS data is only useful if it can be clearly communicated and accurately interpreted. Without proper map elements, the data can be misleading or confusing. Cartography ensures spatial data is presented in a way that supports analysis and decision-making.
What are the fundamentals of turning an aerial image into a map?
Turning an aerial image into a map requires adding spatial reference, scale, orientation, and context. This includes assigning a coordinate system, adding a scale bar, north arrow, locator map, metadata, and labeling. Without these elements, the image lacks geographic meaning.
What can spatial patterns of data tell the reader about UAS data?
Spatial patterns can reveal changes in elevation, surface features, and land use. For example, a DSM can show buildings, vegetation height, or terrain slopes, while an orthomosaic can show surface materials, pavement conditions, or vegetation coverage.
How does presentation format relate to future projects and jobs?
In professional environments, poorly presented maps can lead to incorrect decisions. Employers expect UAS professionals to produce clean, readable, and accurate maps. Cartographically correct products improve credibility and usability in real-world applications.
Part 2: Working with the Data
Metadata Table
Table 14
Metadata Element
Description
UAS Platform
DJI X5
Sensor
RGB Camera
Flight Altitude
200ft AGL
GPS Unit
Onboard GNSS
Coordinate System
NAD83 / UTM
Projection
UTM Zone (appropriate zone)
Date Collected
XX/XX/XXXX
Time of Day
Daylight
There are no rows in this table
File Naming and Management
Clear folder and file naming conventions help prevent confusion and data loss. Including project name, date, location, and data type in filenames makes datasets easier to track. File management is closely tied to metadata, as both help explain where the data came from and how it should be used.
Basemap Selection
A standard topographic basemap was used because it provided geographic context without overpowering the UAS data. This basemap allowed the orthomosaic and DSM to stand out while still giving reference features.
Pyramids and Statistics
Pyramids improve performance by creating lower-resolution versions of raster data. Calculating statistics provides information such as minimum and maximum elevation values, cell size, and data distribution, which is especially important when working with DSMs.
DSM vs DEM
A DSM includes all surface features such as buildings and vegetation, while a DEM represents only bare earth terrain. DSMs are useful for analyzing surface structures, while DEMs are better for terrain modeling.
Hillshading and Visualization
Hillshading enhances the visualization of elevation by adding simulated shadows. This makes terrain features easier to see and interpret. Adjusting transparency and color ramps further improves the clarity of the data.
Part 3: Map Creation Using Wolf Creek Data
Several map layouts were created using the Wolf Creek dataset. Each layout was exported as a standalone image and included all required cartographic elements.
Map Products Created
(Insert exported map images and captions here)
Part 4: Orthomosaic Map Creation for Final Products
For the final data products assignment, orthomosaic maps will be created separately. These maps will include locator maps, north arrows, scale bars, metadata, and watermarks. GCP points and DSMs will not be required for these products.
Observing Distance Changes with Map Projections
To understand projection distortion, distances between Los Angeles and New York were measured under different map projections. The distance measured approximately 2,440 miles on a standard projection, while the Mercator projection showed approximately 3,127 miles. This demonstrated how projections distort distance and why projection choice matters.
Coordinates and On-the-Fly Projection
ArcGIS Pro uses on-the-fly projection to display data layers together even if they use different coordinate systems. By changing the map’s coordinate system, the shape of the data changed without altering the original dataset. Systems such as NAD83 (2011) and GCS WGS84 were explored, highlighting how projections affect visualization.
Summary
This lab emphasized the importance of cartographic fundamentals when working with UAS data. By combining proper file management, metadata documentation, raster analysis, and thoughtful map design, UAS data can be transformed into meaningful spatial products. Understanding projections, DSMs, orthomosaics, and hillshading improves both the accuracy and clarity of GIS outputs. These skills are essential for future academic work and professional applications in the UAS and geospatial fields.
Want to print your doc?
This is not the way.
This is not the way.
Try clicking the ··· in the right corner or using a keyboard shortcut (
CtrlP
) instead.