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WTO+SPS

28-10-24

Is free trade on food markets desirable?

Dependencies on value chains that we cannot control

Food security?

Not accounting the whole GHG emissions for the production + consumption

Not comparative advantage for their products in the developig coutries

food safety

WTO impose stage level measures → they can not ban GM) → indirect GMO soy beans to animal in EU

Welfare Theory

(some graphs)

Deviation of the import demand and export supply curve

Trade volume

(graph)

Export Q = import Quantity

Equilubrium prices

tarif → impose raise (prise?) ↑ quantity

higher ccost → tariff shifts the demand

tariff has on a both countries

→ the one the (?) did it

→ disadvatange of all the other countries → sugar producing countries (why?)

→ net importing countries would benefit if the price would go down (why?)

net negative effect for producers for consumers is net positive

exports ← tariff sometimes beef Argentina higher domestic price (?)

Cost benefit analysis

(some graphs)

marginal cost curve → supply demand

tarif in EU to save producers (?)

higher level of self-sufficiency

reference situation is the free trade in anslysis, always define the reference

Theory of optional tarif

→ small → advantage

→ big → disadvantage

[ разобраться с графиком типо что означает точки функций спроса и предложения]

Production subsidies

p↓ Cost of product for supply(?)

Supply q↑

per unit subsidy

WTO care about effects on other countries

Export Subsidies

that can cope with situations

higher price domestic

world (?) price lower

and you have a surplus of the goods

Country 1 World market Country 2

(some graphs)

good purchase increases the welfare

↓

money ←> utility from good

pareto criterion ?

Kaidor-Hichs criterion ↓

Compensation

Code Hex criterion

State measures (majors?) is harder cause ar least one would be negative

Monetary optimization (analyses)

Regression Analyzes

Poor popel normally do not benefit from trade tarifs

How farmer can increase the supply production?

100 euro/ha → 0.5 t/ha yield (?)

Spraging (?)

marginal cost

Price wheat (?) 180 euro/t

250 euro/t

Marginal revenue = marginal costs or higher (?)

Trade disstortion

Max. returns = greed for money (many?) (max profits)

Surplus → pay exports subsididies or store

WTO try to find exemptions

If WT disstortes marginal reenue or marginal cost then its trade disstorting

Trade disstortion

→ increase producers profits and (?) increases production → prices

→ minimal price

→ state regp (?) by crreating additional demand

Traditional instrument (esp. in US)

→ deficinecy payment

→ paying subsidy do not affect demand on market price

Supply/Demand

(some graph)

Prices no volatily (?) at the agri markets?

WTO → only interested pn effect of 3rd party (dif. country) and intetnally do what you want

umbrella WTO

→ goods -> specific goods

→ services

→ JP (JD? or IP?)

Multilateral agreements

THE GATT Food safety

WTO need to approve trade wars

Boneless

→ no differentation in global trade more to like fileys (филе?) et.

fish don’t come in Agricultural Agreement

Market Acess

Domestic support

Export subsidies → banned by WTO, sine (since?) 2015 → most trade distorting

in agriproduct

→ tarification - NTB tarifs certain price for import

→ tarif reduction → tarifs recue 67%?

→ special safeguard clause

→ tarif rate quotas

Safeguard change (SSG)

try to read p.65 and understand

trigger (?MRU, MRL, trade, trill?) in (?) situation

in quota rent - additional money

1) license on demand (how much?) apply for more than you need _> to import

2) first came first get → on the border Jan-Mar imports but then no imports

3) Hostorical precedent

4) Anetioning (?)

→ big prices but only those who is most efficient

quick relationships vs. long relationships

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